Table 1.
Characteristics of Southern Community Cohort Study participants by quintiles of energy-adjusted PUFA.
| Quintiles of energy-adjusted PUFA |
P value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n=13,856) | 2 (n=13,896) | 3 (n=13,932) | 4 (n=13,973) | 5 (n=13,902) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 52.2 (8.8) | 52.4 (8.9) | 52.1 (8.7) | 51.9 (8.6) | 51.9 (8.5) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, No. (%), female | 7871 (56.8) | 8125 (58.5) | 8047 (57.8) | 8308 (59.5) | 9247 (66.5) | < 0.001 |
| Race, No. (%), white | 4294 (31.0) | 4523 (32.5) | 4548 (32.6) | 4603 (32.9) | 4456 (32.1) | 0.005 |
| Education, No. (%) | ||||||
| < high school | 4420 (31.9) | 4057 (29.2) | 3926 (28.2) | 3714 (26.6) | 3360 (24.2) | < 0.001 |
| High school/GED | 5546 (40.0) | 5374 (38.7) | 5425 (38.9) | 5423 (38.8) | 5340 (38.4) | |
| Some college | 2395 (17.3) | 2656 (19.1) | 2731 (19.6) | 2935 (21.0) | 3101 (22.3) | |
| Graduate | 1495 (10.8) | 1809 (13.0) | 1850 (13.3) | 1901 (13.6) | 2101 (15.1) | |
| Income, No. (%), <15,000/y | 8285 (59.8) | 7566 (54.4) | 7550 (54.2) | 7427 (53.2) | 7127 (51.3) | < 0.001 |
| Recruitment site, No. (%), CHC | 12245 (88) | 12123 (87) | 12230 (88) | 12298 (88) | 12280 (88) | 0.02 |
| Smoking, No. (%) | ||||||
| ≥ 20 cigarettes/day | 2281 (16.5) | 2064 (14.9) | 1987 (14.3) | 1988 (14.2) | 1800 (12.9) | < 0.001 |
| < 20 cigarettes/day | 4035 (29.1) | 3732 (26.9) | 3764 (27.0) | 3647 (26.1) | 3242 (23.3) | |
| Past | 2844 (20.5) | 3148 (22.7) | 3137 (22.5) | 3264 (23.4) | 3502 (25.2) | |
| Never | 4696 (33.9) | 4952 (35.6) | 5044 (36.2) | 5074 (36.3) | 5358 (38.5) | |
| Alcohol intake, No. (%) | ||||||
| Current | 8396 (60.6) | 7831 (56.4) | 7763 (55.7) | 7467 (53.4) | 6878 (49.5) | < 0.001 |
| Past | 3586 (25.9) | 4091 (29.4) | 4287 (30.8) | 4504 (32.2) | 4812 (34.6) | |
| Never | 1874 (13.5) | 1974 (14.2) | 1882 (13.5) | 2002 (14.3) | 2212 (15.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), No. (%) | ||||||
| < 18.5 | 199 (1.4) | 163 (1.2) | 192 (1.4) | 173 (1.2) | 147 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
| 18.5-24.9 | 4009 (28.9) | 3565 (25.7) | 3400 (24.4) | 3262 (23.3) | 2728 (19.6) | |
| 25.0-29.9 | 4161 (30.0) | 4191 (30.2) | 4191 (30.1) | 4202 (30.1) | 3976 (28.6) | |
| 30.0-34.9 | 2820 (20.4) | 2997 (21.6) | 3017 (21.7) | 3039 (21.7) | 3271 (23.5) | |
| ≥ 35.0 | 2667 (19.2) | 2980 (21.4) | 3132 (22.5) | 3297 (23.6) | 3780 (27.2) | |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 134 (21) | 135 (20) | 135 (21) | 134 (20) | 134 (21) | 0.34 |
| Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 82 (12) | 83 (12) | 83 (12) | 83 (12) | 83 (12) | 0.61 |
| Statin use, No. (%) | 2236 (16.1) | 2272 (16.4) | 2242 (16.1) | 2170 (15.5) | 2305 (16.6) | 0.18 |
| Diabetes, No. (%) | 2612 (18.9) | 2784 (20.0) | 2781 (20.0) | 2925 (20.9) | 3357 (24.1) | < 0.001 |
| MI/CABG, No. (%) | 984 (7.1) | 935 (6.7) | 900 (6.5) | 879 (6.3) | 940 (6.8) | 0.07 |
| Stroke/ TIA, No. (%) | 905 (6.5) | 886 (6.4) | 860 (6.2) | 843 (6.0) | 850 (6.1) | 0.41 |
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 7487 (54.0) | 7648 (55.0) | 7443 (53.4) | 7447 (53.3) | 7669 (55.2) | 0.002 |
| Total energy, mean (SD), kcal/day | 2532 (2181) | 2458 (1561) | 2562 (1255) | 2625 (1023) | 2614 (813) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrates, mean (SD), g/day** | 241 (78) | 276 (69) | 285 (58) | 285 (50) | 276 (46) | < 0.001 |
| Proteins, mean (SD), g/day** | 63 (16) | 80 (16) | 88 (17) | 94 (18) | 98 (19) | < 0.001 |
| Saturated fat, mean (SD), g/day** | 18.0 (5.9) | 23.9 (5.4) | 26.8 (5.4) | 28.8 (5.2) | 30.2 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
| MUFA, mean (SD), g/day** | 21.3 (5.4) | 29.1 (4.5) | 33.3 (4.7) | 36.7 (4.8) | 40.6 (5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Tuna intake, No. (%) | ||||||
| < once/month | 6084 (43.9) | 4770 (34.3) | 4103 (29.5) | 3601 (25.8) | 3443 (24.8) | < 0.001 |
| 1-3 times/month | 5442 (39.3) | 5837 (42.0) | 5751 (41.3) | 5547 (39.7) | 4947 (35.6) | |
| 1-3 times/week | 2009 (14.5) | 2926 (21.1) | 3687 (26.5) | 4250 (30.4) | 4350 (31.3) | |
| ≥ 4 times/week | 321 (2.3) | 363 (2.6) | 391 (2.8) | 575 (4.1) | 1162 (8.4) | |
| Fried fish intake, No. (%) | ||||||
| < once/month | 5006 (36.1) | 3749 (27.0) | 3185 (22.9) | 2849 (20.4) | 2594 (18.7) | < 0.001 |
| 1-3 times/month | 5835 (42.1) | 5952 (42.8) | 5717 (41.0) | 5283 (37.8) | 4925 (35.4) | |
| 1-3 times/week | 2548 (18.4) | 3725 (26.8) | 4485 (32.2) | 5156 (36.9) | 5194 (37.4) | |
| ≥ 4 times/week | 467 (3.4) | 470 (3.4) | 545 (3.9) | 685 (4.9) | 1189 (8.6) | |
| Broiled fish intake, No. (%) | ||||||
| < once/month | 7397 (53.4) | 6523 (46.9) | 6116 (43.9) | 5853 (41.9) | 5606 (40.3) | < 0.001 |
| 1-3 times/month | 4333 (31.3) | 4602 (33.1) | 4487 (32.2) | 4328 (31.0) | 4050 (29.1) | |
| 1-3 times/week | 1825 (13.2) | 2427 (17.5) | 2926 (21.0) | 3306 (23.7) | 3462 (24.9) | |
| ≥ 4 times/week | 301 (2.2) | 344 (2.5) | 403 (2.9) | 486 (3.5) | 784 (5.6) | |
| Broiled/fried fish intake, No. (%) | ||||||
| < once/month | 3689 (26.6) | 2612 (18.8) | 2231 (16.0) | 1974 (14.1) | 1793 (12.9) | < 0.001 |
| 1-3 times/month | 5360 (38.7) | 4978 (35.8) | 4444 (31.9) | 3973 (28.4) | 3606 (25.9) | |
| 1-3 times/week | 3986 (28.8) | 5367 (38.6) | 6082 (43.7) | 6528 (46.7) | 6256 (45.0) | |
| ≥ 4 times/week | 821 (5.9) | 939 (6.8) | 1175 (8.4) | 1498 (10.7) | 2247 (16.2) | |
| Tuna/broiled/fried fish intake, No. (%) | ||||||
| < once/month | 2407 (17.4) | 1490 (10.7) | 1198 (8.6) | 999 (7.1) | 904 (6.5) | < 0.001 |
| 1-3 times/month | 4882 (35.2) | 3851 (27.7) | 3192 (22.9) | 2633 (18.8) | 2277 (16.4) | |
| 1-3 times/week | 5394 (38.9) | 7062 (50.8) | 7623 (54.7) | 7710 (55.2) | 6950 (50.0) | |
| ≥ 4 times/week | 1173 (8.5) | 1493 (10.7) | 1919 (13.8) | 2631 (18.8) | 3771 (27.1) | |
| Tuna/broiled/fried fish intake, mean (SD), servings/day | 0.24 (0.38) | 0.29 (0.39) | 0.33 (0.41) | 0.38 (0.43) | 0.48 (0.54) | < 0.001 |
| PUFA, mean (SD), g/day** | 12.2 (2.5) | 17.0 (0.9) | 19.8 (0.8) | 22.6 (0.9) | 27.1 (2.8) | -- |
| PUFA, mean (sd), % total energy | 6.1 (1.6) | 7.2 (1.2) | 7.9 (1.0) | 8.6 (0.9) | 10.1 (1.2) | -- |
BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CHC, community health centers; MI, myocardial infarction; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
*
P values are from one-way ANOVA tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables.
**
Adjusted for total energy intake