Table 1.
General characteristics according to Sasang constitution type
| Variable | SE | SY | TE | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | 172 | 407 | 605 | |
| Age (yr) | 55.3 ± 6.0a** | 56.0 ± 6.4** | 58.8 ± 7.9 | <.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 94 (54.7)***** | 285 (70.0)** | 297 (49.1) | <.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 1.6**,****** | 22.9 ± 2.0** | 26.6 ± 2.4 | <.0001 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 1.8 ± 4.0* | 1.8 ± 3.9** | 3.1 ± 5.3 | <.0001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 23.1 ± 24.1* | 21.8 ± 10.0** | 27.3 ± 16.2 | <.0001 |
| HOMA-IRb | 1.5 ± 0.6** | 1.7 ± 0.8** | 2.6 ± 3.5 | <.0001 |
| Physical activityc | 159.5 ± 195.5 | 189.7 ± 276.4 | 189.0 ± 258.2 | 0.37 |
| LAI (HU) | 13.3 ± 6.0** | 12.3 ± 7.0** | 6.5 ± 9.9 | <.0001 |
| NAFLD [LAI < 5, n (%)] | 8 (4.7)**,**** | 57 (14.0)** | 206 (34.0) | <.0001 |
| HTN, n (%) | 35 (20.3)** | 99 (24.3)** | 266 (44.0) | <.0001 |
| DM, n (%) | 13 (7.6)** | 50 (12.3)** | 164 (27.1) | <.0001 |
| Metabolic componentsd | ||||
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 5 (2.9)**,*** | 35 (8.6)** | 293 (48.5) | <.0001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 28 (16.3)**,*** | 100 (24.6)** | 248 (41.0) | <.0001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol, n (%) | 122 (70.9)**,**** | 232 (57.0)** | 293 (48.4) | <.0001 |
| High BP, n (%) | 45 (26.2)** | 124 (30.6)** | 317 (52.7) | <.0001 |
| High FPG, n (%) | 8 (4.7)**,*** | 40 (9.8)** | 140 (23.1) | <.0001 |
| MS, n (%)e | 6 (3.5)**,**** | 41 (10.1)** | 233 (38.5) | <.0001 |
Abbreviations: TE Tae-eum type, SE So-eum type, SY So-yang type, BMI body mass index, ALT alanine aminotransferase, HOMA-IR homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance, MET metabolic equivalents, LAI liver attenuation index, HU Hounsfield units, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, HTN hypertension, DM diabetes mellitus, HDL high density lipoprotein, BP blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, MS metabolic syndrome
aValues are mean ± SD
bCalculated as fasting glucose (mmol/L) x fasting insulin (μU/mL)/22.5
cTotal metabolic equivalents per week (minutes)
dDefined as waist circumference ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women for abdominal obesity; TG ≥150 mg/dl for hypertriglyceridemia; HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dl for men and <50 mg/dl for women for low HDL cholesterol; systolic/ diastolic pressure ≥130/85 mmHg for high BP; fasting plasma glucose ≥110 mg/dl for high FPG
ePresence of 3 or more of metabolic components
* P <0.01 vs. TE type
** P <0.0001 vs. TE type
*** P <0.05 vs. SY type
**** P <0.01 vs. SY type
***** P <0.001 vs. SY type
****** P <0.0001 vs. SY type