TABLE 2.
Predicted multivariable-adjusted a marginal values b for the associations between community-level fast food price c and weekly fast food consumption, BMI, and HOMA-IR (from separate models) and their interaction with (a) neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation score, and (b) percentage of fast food restaurants (relative to total food stores and restaurants), (CARDIA Exam Years 0-25) d
| Weekly fast food meals (95% CI) |
BMI (kg/m2) (95% CI) |
HOMA-IR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
(a) Neighborhood deprivation score
(tertiles)e |
|||
| Low neighborhood deprivation score | |||
| Low fast food price (10th percentile) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 27.9 (27.8, 28.1) |
2.29 (2.17, 2.41) |
| Medium fast food price (50th percentile) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.6) | 27.7 (27.6, 27.8) |
2.33 (2.26, 2.41) |
| High fast food price (90th percentile) | 2.3 (2.1, 2.5) | 27.5 (27.3, 27.6) |
2.38 (2.27, 2.49) |
|
Medium neighborhood deprivation
score |
|||
| Low fast food price (10th percentile) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 28.0 (27.9, 28.2) |
2.44 (2.34, 2.55) |
| Medium fast food price (50th percentile) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 27.6 (27.6, 27.7) |
2.44 (2.38, 2.51) |
| High fast food price (90th percentile) | 2.3 (2.1, 2.4) | 27.2 (27.1, 27.3) |
2.44 (2.33, 2.55) |
| High neighborhood deprivation score | |||
| Low fast food price (10th percentile) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 28.2 (28.0, 28.3) |
2.31 (2.20, 2.42) |
| Medium fast food price (50th percentile) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.6) | 27.5 (27.4, 27.6) |
2.27 (2.19, 2.35) |
| High fast food price (90th percentile) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) | 26.8 (26.7, 27.0) |
2.23 (2.11, 2.35) |
|
(b) Percentage of neighborhood fast
food restaurants (tertiles) f |
|||
| Low percentage of fast food restaurants | |||
| Low fast food price (10th percentile) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 28.0 (27.9, 28.1) |
2.34 (2.25, 2.44) |
| Medium fast food price (50th percentile) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.6) | 27.7 (27.6, 27.7) |
2.39 (2.32, 2.45) |
| High fast food price (90th percentile) | 2.3 (2.1, 2.4) | 27.3 (27.1, 27.4) |
2.43 (2.32, 2.55) |
|
Medium percentage of fast food
restaurants |
|||
| Low fast food price (10th percentile) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 28.1 (28.0, 28.3) |
2.33 (2.23, 2.43) |
| Medium fast food price (50th percentile) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.6) | 27.7 (27.6, 27.7) |
2.33 (2.26, 2.39) |
| High fast food price (90th percentile) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.3) | 27.2 (27.1, 27.3) |
2.32 (2.21, 2.43) |
| High percentage of fast food restaurants | |||
| Low fast food price (10th percentile) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 28.0 (27.9, 28.2) |
2.40 (2.29, 2.50) |
| Medium fast food price (50th percentile) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.6) | 27.6 (27.5, 27.7) |
2.36 (2.29, 2.43) |
| High fast food price (90th percentile) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.3) | 27.1 (26.9, 27.2) |
2.31 (2.20, 2.43) |
Models were adjusted for time-varying age, individual-level income (units of $10,000 from midpoint of category), cost of living (relative to a standard of 1 from years 1982-84), population density (pop/km2), total food outlets (continuous), geographic level of food price data (1=county/CBSA-level; 2=state-level), neighborhood deprivation score (only for models in (b)).
Marginal values derived from pooled negative binomial and linear regression models with fixed-effects
Population-averaged values for the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of community-level fast food price were equal to $1.27, $1.40, $1.54, respectively (pooled CARDIA Exam Years 0-25)
n=4,446 participants (fast food consumption models), 4,469 participants (BMI models), and 4,332 participants (HOMA-IR models) with at least two repeated outcome measures and no income or education data across CARDIA Exam Years 0, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25
PCA-derived factor score of four census tract-level variables: (1) percentage of population with <high school education at age 25 y; (2) percentage of population with at least a college degree at age 25 y; (3) median household income; and (4) percentage of population with household income <150% of federal poverty level.[32]
Relative to total food stores and restaurants (within 3-km network buffer of respondent residence)