Table 3.
Tissue- and in vivo- sensing/imaging using gold-, magnetic-, and QD-glyconanomaterials.
| Carbohydrate | Particle size/type |
Coupli ng method s (Functi onal group) |
Carbohy drate density |
Animal type |
Detection methods/a ssay |
Target | Selectivity | Referenc es |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold glyconanomaterials | ||||||||
| Lac; maltose; β-d-Glc | < 2 nm | Covalent (-SH) | 70/particle | C57BL/6 mice | Histological analysis | Lung tumor | Lac/Lung tumor | (Rojo et al., 2004) |
| β-d-Gal | 50-150 nm | Covalent (-SH) | 4/nm2 | C57BL/6 (female) | Instrumental neutron activation technique | Liver | β-d-Gal/Liver | (Bergen et al., 2006) |
| Hyaluronic acid | 16 nm | Covalent (-SH) | 30.9±1.7/particle | DBA-1J mice; BALB/c nude mice | Near-infrared fluorescent imaging | Arthritis; tumor | Hyaluronic acid/Both | (Lee et al., 2008) |
| β-d-Glc; Lac; β-d-Gal | 1.9-4.4 nm | Covalent (-SH) | C57BL/6 | MRI | Brain tumor | β-d-Glc/Brain tumor | (Marradi et al., 2009) | |
| Heparin; d-Glc | 14±4 nm | Covalent (-NH2) | Chick embryos; C57BL/6 NCr (male) | Stereomicroscopy | Chorioallantoic membrane | Heparin/Chorioallantoic membrane | (Kemp et al., 2009) | |
| Sialyl LewisX | 18 nm | Covalent (-NH2) | 10.5±1.2 nmol/mg | C57BL/6 (male) | MRI; Prussian blue staining | Brain; spleen; liver | Sialyl LewisX/All | (Farr et al., 2014) |
| β-d-Glc | 1.8-3.2 nm | Covalent (-SH) | 59-174 | Sprague– Dawley rats (male) | PET/CT | Brain | β-d-Glc/Brain | (Frigell et al., 2014) |
| Magnetic glyconanomaterials | ||||||||
| β-d-Gal | ∼10 nm | Covalent (-amphiphile) | Rats (SD, female) | MRI | Liver | β-d-Gal/Liver | (Yoo et al., 2007) | |
| Sialyl LewisX; β-d-GlcNAc; LacNAc; Neu5Acα2-3Gal β1-4GlcNAc | ∼1 μm | Covalent (-CN) | 105-107/particle | Wistarrats (male) | MRI | Brain | Sialyl LewisX/Brain | (van Kasteren et al., 2008) |
| Hyaluronic acid | 6 nm | Covalent (native) | 43 wt% | C57BL/6 mice | MRI; Prussian blue staining | Liver; kidney | Hyaluronic acid/Both | (El-Dakdouki et al., 2011) |
| Lac | 4 nm | Covalent (-COOH) | FVB mice; C57B1/6 mice | Stereomicroscopy; confocal microscopy; MRI | Brain tumor | Lac/Brain tumor | (Elvira et al., 2012) | |
| β-CD | 6 nm | Covalent (native) | 19 wt% | Atherosclerotic rabbit | Optical microscopy; MRI; Prussian blue staining | Aorta tissues | β-CD/Aorta tissues | (Li et al., 2012) |
| Neu5Ac | 5 nm | Covalent (-COOH) | 4 wt% | C57BL/6 mice | MRI; Prussian blue staining | Brain | Neu5Ac/Brain | (Kouyoumdjian et al., 2013) |
| Hyaluronic acid | 6 nm | Covalent (native) | 46 wt% | Atheroscl erotic rabbit | MRI; optical microscopy; Prussian blue staining | Aorta tissues | Hyaluronic acid/Aorta tissues | (El-Dakdouki et al., 2014) |
| Lac | 4 nm | Covalent (-COOH) | Mice | MRI; flow cytometry | Brain tumor | Lac/Brain tumor | (Elvira et al., 2015) | |
| QD glyconanomaterials | ||||||||
| Chitosan | 29 nm (InGaP/ZnS) | Covalent (native) | Mice | Flow cytometry; Near-infrared fluorescent imaging | Brain | Chitosan/Brain | (Sandros et al., 2007) | |
| Hyaluronic acid | 5.7 nm (CdSe/CdS/ZnS) | Non-covalent (native) | Nude mice | Fluorescence microscopy | Ear | Hyaluronic acid/Ear | (Bhang et al., 2009) | |
| β-d-Gal; α-d-Man | 15-20 nm (CdSe/ZnS) | Covalent (-COOH) | C57BL/6 mice (female) | Flow cytometry; fluorescence microscopy | Liver | β-d-Gal/Liver | (Kikkeri et al., 2009b) | |
| Hyaluronic acid | 42.3 nm (Qdot® 800) | Covalent (-NH2) | Balb/c mice (female) | Flow cytometry; Confocal microscopy; luminescent imaging | Liver; Spleen; kidney | Hyaluronic acid/Liver | (Kim et al., 2010) | |
| α-Neu5Ac; Lac; Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc | 5.8-9.3 nm (CdSe/Z nS) | Covalent (-SH) | Mice | Near-infrared fluorescent imaging | Liver; brain; heart; stomach; spleen kidney; bladder | Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc/Liver | (Ohyanagi et al., 2011) |