Table 1.

Complications, clinical presentation and treatment modalities according to the site of denture impaction.

Site of denture impaction	Primary complication	Secondary complication	Clinical presentation	Treatment modalities
Pharynx	Necrosis Perforation	Retropharyngeal abscess Deep neck infection Mediastinitis	Hoarseness, choking sensation, cough, hypersalivation, dysphagia, odynophagia, hyperthermia	Endoscopic removal [30] Surgery (transcervical approach) [31], [32]
Esophagus: Cervical Thoracic Abdominal	Necrosis Perforation Penetration Obstruction Bleeding	Deep neck infection Mediastinitis Sepsis Esophagorespiratory fistula	Hoarseness, choking sensation, cough, hypersalivation, dysphagia, odynophagia, hyperthermia, retrosternal pain, weakness, lethargy, hemoptysis, hematemesis	Endoscopic removal [8], [9], [10] Transcervical esophagotomy [8] Esophagectomy [33]
Stomach	Ulceration Bleeding	Anemia	Hematemesis, melena, epigastric pain	Endoscopic removal [5] Gastrotomy (laparotomy or laparoscopy [34])
Small bowel	Necrosis Perforation Obstruction Penetration	Peritonitis Sepsis Entero-colic fistula	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, peritoneal signs, septic signs	Endoscopic removal [35] Enterotomy, retrieval [14] Small bowel resection [15] Ileocecal resection [15]
Large bowel	Perforation Obstruction	Peritonitis Sepsis	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, peritoneal signs, septic signs	Endoscopic removal [36] Colic resection, anastomosis [37] Colic resection, colostomy [17]