Table 1.

MicroRNA function in bone and cartilage.

Tissue		miRNAs	Target genes	Cell types	References
Bone
Osteoblastogenesis	Upregulated	miR-141/200a	Dlx5	Mouse MC3T3 cells	[13]
		miR-2861	HDAC5	ST2 stromal cells	[14]
		miR-15b	BMPER	hMSCs	[15]
		miR-1228	BMP2K	Human osteoblasts	[16]
		miR-764-5p	CHIP/STUB1	Mouse MC3T3-E1 cells	[17]
		miR-335-5p	DKK1	Mouse preosteoblast cell lines	[18]
		miR-218	SOST, DKK2, SFRP2	Mouse bone marrow stromal cells	[19]
		miR-29a	Osteonectin	Mouse MC3T3 cells	[20]
		miR-27c	Osteonectin	Mouse MC3T3 cells	[20]
		miR-142-3P, miR-27	APC	Hfob1.19 cells	[21, 22]
		miR-210	ACVR1B	Mouse ST2 cells	[23]
		miR-26a	SMAD1	Human ADSCs	[24]
		miR-96	FABP4	hMSCs	[25]
		miR-199a	SOX9, aggrecan	hMSCs	[25]
		miR-140		Bone	[26]
	Downregulated	miR-204/211, miR-133a	Runx2, ALP, Sost	Mouse MC3T3 cells	[13]
		miR-214	Osterix	C2C12 myoblast cells	[27]
		miR-637	Osterix	hMSCs	[28]
		miR-133	Runx2	Mouse C2C12 cells	[29]
		mir-135	Smad5	Mouse C2C12 cells	[29]
		miR-206	Cx43	Mouse C2C12 and osteoblasts	[30]
		miR-100	BMPR2	Human ADSCs	[31]
		miR-155	SOCS1	MC3T3-E1 cells	[32]
		miR-370	BMP-2, Ets1	Mouse MC3T3-E1 cells	[33]
		miR-20a, miR-300	BMP-2	Human ligament fibroblasts	[34]
		miR-135a	Smad5	Mouse mesenchymal cells	[29]
		miR-433	Runx2, ALP	Mouse C3H10T1/2 cells	[35]
		miR-30 (miR-30a, -30b, -30c, -30d)	Smad1, Runx2	MC3T3-E1 cells	[36]
		miR-221, miR-1274a	Wnt signaling	hUSSCs	[37]
		miR-214	ATF4	Mouse MC3T3-E1 cells	[38]
		miR-125b	ErbB2	Mouse MSCs	[39]
		miR-182	FoxO1	C3H10T1/2 MSCs and MC3T3-E1 cells	[40]
		miR-138	PTK2	hMSCs	[41]
		miR-196a	HOXC8	hASCs	[42]
		miR-26a	Smad1	hADSCs	[24]
		miR-378	GalNAc-t7	Hek293 cells	[43]
Osteoclastogenesis	Upregulated	miR-21	PDCD4	Mouse bone marrow-derived monocyte	[44]
		miR-155	SHIP	BMMs	[45]
		miR-34c	Notch1, Notch2, Jag1	Mice osteoblasts	[46]
		miR-223	NF1-A	Mouse bone marrow macrophages	[47]
		miR-378	Caspase-3	Murine RAW264.7 cells	[48]
	Downregulated	miR-29b	c-Fos, MMP-2	DC14+ HPs	[49]
		miR-146a	TRAF6,	Human PBMCs	[50]
		miR-155	SOCS1, MITF	HEK293T cells	[51]
Chondrogenesis	Upregulated	miR-124a, miR-199a	RFX1, HIF1α	MSCs	[52]
		miR-140, miR-30a		Mouse MSCs	[53]
		miR-130b, miR-152, miR-28, miR-26b, miR-193b,		hMSCs	[54]
		miR-193b, miR-199a-3p/has-miR-199b-3p, miR-455-3p, miR-210, miR-381, miR-92a, miR-320c, miR-136	C/EBPβ, RUNX2, BMPR2	hADSCs	[55]
	Downregulated	miR-96	SOX5	MSCs	[52]
		miR-143/-145, miR-132/-212		MSCs	[53]
		miR-145	SOX9	MSCs	[56]
		miR-490-5p, miR-4287, miR-BART8, miR-US25-1	SOX4, SMAD4, BMPR2	hADSCs	[55]
		miR-9	PRTG	MSCs	[57]
		miR-21	GDF-5	Human chondrocytes	[58]
		miR-337	TGFBR2	HEK-293A cells	[59]
OA cartilage	Upregulated	miR-27b	MMP-13	Human chondrocytes	[60]
		miR-483-5p		Human chondrocytes	[61]
		miR-146a	VEGF, Smad4	Human chondrocytes	[62]
		miR-145	SOX9	MSCs	[56, 63]
	Downregulated	miR-140	HDAC4	Human chondrocytes	[64, 65]
		miR-149, miR-582-3P, miR-1227, miR-634, miR-576-5p, miR-641		Human chondrocytes	[61]
		miR-125b	ADAMTS-4	Human chondrocytes	[66]
		mir-127-5P	MMP-13	Human chondrocytes	[67]
		miR-199a	COX-2	Human chondrocytes	[68]
		miR-558	COX-2	Human chondrocytes	[69]
		miR-675	COL II	Human chondrocytes	[70]