Table 1.
Characteristics of included articles in systematic review.
| Reference | Genes/SNP or allele | Patients' characteristics | City | Study design | Method | Significant association |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1DM and complications | ||||||
| Ahmadi et al., 2013 [22] | CTLA-4/+49A/G | 60 T1DM, 56 T2DM, and 107 healthy, male (M)/female (F) | Kurdistan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between AG carriers and T1DM (P = 0.01) |
| Karamizadeh et al., 2013 [23] | (i) Osteopontin/rs1126772
(ii) Integrin α4/rs1449263 CD44/rs8193 |
87 T1DM and 86 healthy, <20 yr, M/F | Shiraz | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Rahbani-Nabar et al., 2013 [24] | IL-18/−137C/G | 104 T1DM and 92 healthy, 9–32 yr, M/F | Tabriz | Case control | SS-PCR | Positive significant association between GG carriers and T1DM (P = 0.037) |
| Bonakdaran et al., 2012 [25] | (i) VDR/FokI (FF, Ff, ff),
(ii) BsmI (BB, Bb, bb), ApaI (AA, Aa, aa), (iii) TaqI (TT, Tt, tt) |
69 T1DM and 45 healthy, <35 yr, M/F | Mashhad | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between Aa (P = 0.003), FF (P = 0.008), and Bb (P = 0.014) carriers with T1DM, significant association between ff genotype and history of ketoacidosis (P = 0.04) |
| Mohammadnejad et al., 2012 [26] | (i) VDR/TaqI (TT, Tt, tt)
(ii) VDR, FokI, BsmI, ApaI |
87 T1DM and 100 healthy, 17–38 yr, M/F | Mashhad | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Negative significant association between TT carriers and T1DM (P = 0.007) (ii) Nonsignificance association between other carriers of VDR and T1DM |
| Afshari et al., 2011 [27] | (i) TAP2/Ile379Val
(ii) TAP2/Stop687Gln (iii) TAP2/Ala565Thr, Arg651Cys, Ala665Thr |
87 T1DM and 104 healthy, <30 yr, M/F | Mashhad | Case control | ARMS-PCR | (i) Significant association between Ile379Val and T1DM (P = 0.001) (ii) Significant association between Stop687Gln and T1DM (P = 0.013) (iii) Nonsignificant association between other carriers of TAP2 and T1DM |
| Massoud et al., 2009 [28] | (i) IL-18/−137C/G
(ii) IL-18/−607A/C |
75 T1DM and 88 healthy, <30 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-SSP | (i) Positive significant association between GG carriers and T1DM (P = 0.0001) (ii) Significant association between CC genotype with T1DM (P = 0.0001) (iii) Nonsignificance association between other carriers of IL-18 and T1DM |
| Masoud et al., 2007 [29] | TGFβ/+915C/G | 75 T1DM and 88 healthy, <30 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-SSP | Nonsignificance |
| Masoud et al., 2007 [30] | IL-12/+1188A/C | 75 T1DM and 88 healthy, <30 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-SSP | Significant association between AA and AC genotype and T1DM (P = 0.035) |
| Mojtahedi et al., 2006 [31] | IL-18/−607A/C,
−137C/G |
112 T1DM and 194 non-DM, <15 and >15 yr, M/F | Shiraz | Case control | PCR-SSP | −137CC and −607AA/−137CC significant association with T1DM in onset >15 yr (P = 0.027) |
| Mojtahedi et al., 2005 [32] | CTLA-4/+49A/G | 109 T1DM and 331 healthy, 0–37 yr, M/F | Shiraz | Case control | PCR-SSP PCR-RFLP |
(i) Positive significant association between AG carriers and T1DM (P = 0.00) (ii) Negative significant association between AA carriers and T1DM (P = 0.00) |
| Zamani et al., 2005 [33] | CD4/A2–A9 | 92 T1DM and 108 healthy, >35 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR | Negative significant association between A3 allele and T1DM (P = 0.025) Positive significant association between A5 allele and T1DM (P = 0.001) |
|
| ||||||
| MODY | ||||||
| Taghavi et al., 2009 [34] | HNFα/Val255Met | 30 MODY, 21 relatives, and 50 healthy, 25–35 yr, M/F | Mashhad | Case control | PCR-FLP sequencing |
The mutation was found in patients and relatives but not in controls |
|
| ||||||
| T2DM and complications | ||||||
| Ahmadi et al., 2013 [22] | CTLA-4/+49A/G | Said above | Said above | Said above | Said above | Nonsignificance |
| Amiri et al., 2013 [35] | Haptoglobin/1-1, 2-1, 2-2 | 134 T2DM with MVCs, 71 T2DM without MVCs, 46–72 yr, M/F | Sari | Case control | PCR | Hp2-2 highly significant for T2DM (P = 0.05) |
| Andalib et al., 2013 [36] | Paraoxonase 2/Ser311Cys | 100 T2DM and 100 healthy, 51 yr, M/F | Isfahan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association of Cys/Cys and Cys/Ser carriers and negative significant association of Ser/Ser carriers with T2DM (P < 0.05) |
| Kohan et al., 2013 [37] | Leptin/G-2548A | 100 T2DM and 100 healthy, 44–66 yr, M/F | Arsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between GG carriers and T2DM (P = 0.004) |
| Alami et al., 2013 [38] | TCF7L2/rs7903146 (C/T) | 233T2DM and 233 controls, >40 yr, M/F | Gorgan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | CC and CT genotypes significant difference between T2DM and controls (P = 0.045) |
| Mahmazi et al., 2013 [39] | Calreticulin | 120 T2DM and 530 controls, 43–66 yr, M/F | Zanjan | Case control | PCR-SCA | 9 bp deletion of 397–399 codons G>T mutation at IVSII-142 in T2DM not in controls |
| Mohammadi et al., 2013 [40] | (i) ERα/PvuII (PP, Pp, pp)
(ii) ERα/XbaI (XX, Xx, xx) |
174 T2DM and 174 ND, 35–65 yr, M/F | Jahrom | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Significant association with T2DM (P = 0.014), TC (P = 0.007), and TG (P = 0.005) female carriers (ii) Significant association with T2DM (P = 0.002), TC (P = 0.003), and TG (P = 0.009) female carriers |
| Motavallian et al., 2013 [41] | PPAR-γ2/Pro12Ala | 100 T2DM and 100 healthy, 51 yr, M/F | Isfahan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Negative significant association between Ala/Ala carriers (P < 0.001) and positive significant association between Ala/Pro carriers with T2DM (P < 0.001) |
| Sepahi et al., 2013 [42] | HNF-1α/Ala98Val
GLP-1R/Thr149Met |
100 T2DM and 50 healthy controls, ≤35 and >35 yr, M/F | Mashhad | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Sheikhha et al., 2013 [43] | APOA1/MSP-I | 200 T2DM and 200 healthy, 41.8 yr, M/F | Yazd | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Yaghoubi et al., 2013 [44] | CXCL5/−156G > C | 100 T2DM, 54 yr and 100 healthy, 56 yr, M/F | Ardabil | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association of GC carriers (P = 0.006) and negative significant association of GG carriers with T2DM (P = 0.01) |
| Bahreini et al., 2012 [45] | Calpain-10/SNP43(A/G) | 102 T2DM and 100 healthy, 40–70 yr, M | East Azerbayjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | G allele as risk factor of T2DM (P = 0.037) |
| Derakhshan et al., 2012 [46] | SDF-1β/G801A | 200 T2DM and 200 healthy, 40 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Haghani et al., 2012 [47] | (i) IRS-1/G972R
(ii) IRS-2/G1057D |
336 T2DM and 341 healthy, 44–63 yr, M/F | Ilam and Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Positive significant association of GR (P = 0.001) and RR (P = 0.0001) carriers with T2DM (ii) Positive significant association between GD carriers and T2DM (P = 0.016) |
| Alami et al., 2012 [48] | TCF7L2/rs12255372 (G/T) | 236 T2DM and 255 healthy, >37 yr, M/F | Gorgan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between TT carriers and T2DM (P = 0.014) |
| Meshkani et al., 2012 [49] | (i) ERα/PvuII (PP, Pp, pp)
(ii) ERα/XbaI (XX, Xx, xx) |
155 T2DM and 377 controls, 23–79 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Positive significant association of pooled Pp + pp male carriers (P = 0.001) with T2DM (ii) Positive significant association of pooled XX+xx male carriers (P = 0.026) with T2DM |
| Moasser et al., 2012 [50] | GSTM1/present/null
GSTT1/present/null GSTP1/Ile105Val |
171 T2DM and 169 healthy, 25–65 yr, M/F | Shiraz | Case control | PCR-RFLP | GSTM1-null (P = 0.016) and interaction of GSTM-null/GSTT1-null (P = 0.022) significant association with T2DM |
| Mohaddes et al., 2012 [51] | SLC30A8/Arg325Trp | 125 T2DM and 125 controls, 40–70 yr, M/F | Azarbayjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Oladi et al., 2012 [52] | Glucokinase/−30G/A | 542 subjects, 18–65 yr, M/F | Mashhad | Cross sectional | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Palizban et al., 2012 [53] | TCF7L2/rs7903146 (C/T) | 110 T2DM and 80 healthy, 46–67 yr, M/F | Isfahan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between TT carriers and T2DM (P = 0.008) |
| Tabatabaei-Malazy et al., 2012 [54] | ApoE/E3-E3, E2-E3, E4-E3 | 156 T2DM and 155 healthy, 25–65, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Ghasemi et al., 2012 [55] | KCNJ11/E23K | 358 T2DM and 388 healthy, 41–69 yr, M/F | Rasht | Case control | Real time PCR | Positive significant association between KK carriers and obese T2DM (P = 0.037) |
| Ranjbar et al., 2011 [56] | Adiponectin/+45T/G,
−11391G/A |
244 T2DM and 99 healthy, 37–65 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificant |
| Mehrab-Mohseni et al., 2011 [57] | eNOS VNTR/intron 4 a/b | 220 T2DM and 96 healthy, 53 ± 15 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR | Positive significant association between aa or ab carriers and T2DM (P = 0.02) |
| Nosratabadi et al., 2011 [58] | (i) VDR/TaqI (TT/Tt/tt)
(ii) VDR/ApaI (AA/Aa/aa) |
100 T2DM and 100 healthy, 40 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Positive significant association between Tt carriers and T2DM (P < 0.001) (ii) Nonsignificant association between ApaI carriers and T2DM |
| Saberi et al., 2011 [59] | ENPP1/K121Q | 155 T2DM and 377 healthy, 23–79 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Fallah et al., 2010 [60] | SUMO4/Met55Val (163A/G) | 50 T2DM and 50 healthy, 25–45 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Heidari et al., 2010 [61] | UCP2/−866G/A | 75 T2DM, 75 ND obese and 75 ND nonobese, 35–76 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Nazem et al., 2010 [62] | 5HTTLPR/SS, SL, LL | 90 T2DM and 90 healthy, 54–66 yr, M/F | Shiraz | Case control | PCR | Nonsignificance |
| Bazzaz et al., 2010 [63] | MTHFR/C677T | 401 T2DM, 74 ND obese and 207 ND nonobese, 30–63 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Emamgholipour et al., 2009 [64] | resistin/−420C/G | 47 T2DM and 66 healthy, 58 ± 9 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between CC carriers and T2DM (P = 0.009) |
| Hasani-Ranjbar et al., 2009 [65] | CXCL5/−156G/C | 230 T2DM and 120 healthy, 40–63 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between GC or CC carriers and T2DM (P = 0.004) |
| Kazemi Arababadi et al., 2009 [66] | IL-4/−590C/T
IFN-γ/+874T/A |
160 T2DM and 160 healthy, 38 ± 9 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP ARMS-PCR |
Nonsignificance |
| Arababadi et al., 2009 [67] | CCR5/δ32mutation | 200 T2DM and 300 healthy, 40 ± 9 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | Gap-PCR | Nonsignificance |
| Kazemi et al., 2009 [68] | INSR | 128 T2DM, >40 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR CSGE sequencing |
Following mutations were found only in T2DM 511C>A, 514T>G, 586, and 628T>A on exon 2 694G>C and 680G>A on exon 3 1627A>T on exon 8 AT> TG on intron 9 2007C>C/T on exon 9 2595C>C/T and 2669G>C/G on exon 13 2706 and 2717C>G, 2752C>T, 2753C>G, on exon 14 3471T>A and 3516T>G on exon 19 |
| Mirzaei et al., 2009 [69] | PPARγ2/Pro12Ala | 78 normal, 78 obese, 78 T2DM, and 78 obese T2DM, 25–64 yr, M/F | Tehran | Cross sectional | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Nikzamir et al., 2008 [70] | ACE/insertion (I)/deletion (D) | 170 T2DM and 144 healthy, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR | Positive significant association between DD carriers and T2DM (P = 0.02) |
| Sharifi et al., 2008 [71] | HFE/H63D, C282Y | 101 T2DM and 101 healthy, 55 ± 11 yr, M/F | Zanjan | Case control | PCR | Nonsignificance |
| Besharati et al., 2007 [72] | (i) ApoA-I/G-75A
(ii) ApoA-I/C+83T |
215 subjects, 26–64 yr, M/F | Tehran | Cross sectional | PCR-RFLP | (i) Nonsignificant association between G-75A carriers and T2DM (ii) Positive significant association between CT carriers and T2DM (P = 0.028) |
| Hasani-Ranjbar et al., 2007 [73] | Adiponectin/+45T/G | 80 T2DM obese, 72 T2DM nonobese, and 70 healthy, 25–64 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between TT carriers and nonobese T2DM (P = 0.04) |
| Meshkani et al., 2007 [74] | PTPN1/−51delA,
−451A>G, −467T>C −1023C>A, −1045G>A, −1286 3 bp del ACA, −1291 9 bp del CTAGACTAA |
174 T2DM and 412 healthy, 23–79, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR sequencing PCR-RFLP |
Nonsignificance |
| Meshkani et al., 2007 [75] | PPARγ/Pro12Ala | 412 T2DM and 284 healthy, 23–79 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Negative significant association between Pro/Ala or Ala/Ala carriers and T2DM (P = 0.003) |
|
| ||||||
| T2DM patients and insulin resistance | ||||||
| Namvaran et al., 2012 [76] | (i) Adiponectin/+45T/G
(ii) Adiponectin receptor-2/+795G/A |
101 T2DM and 128 healthy, 30–70 yr, M/F | Shiraz | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Positive significant association between TG carriers and T2DM (P = 0.032) (ii) Nonsignificant association between +794G/A carriers and insulin resistance |
| Namvaran et al., 2011 [77] | PPARγ/Pro12Ala | 101 T2DM and 128 healthy, 30–70 yr, M/F | Shiraz | Case control | Real time PCR | Positive significant association between Ala allele carriers and T2DM (P = 0.036) |
| Hossein-nezhad et al., 2009 [78] | VDR/FokI (FF, Ff, ff) | 105 T2DM, 55 ± 10 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case series | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between ff carriers and insulin resistance index (P = 0.02) |
| Moosapoor et al., 2007 [79] | PTPN1/148insG | 71 T2DM and 264 ND, 20–80 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Negative significant association between 148insG carriers and insulin resistance index (P = 0.041) |
|
| ||||||
| T2DM patients and heart diseases | ||||||
| Bayatmakoo et al., 2013 [80] | Paraoxonase 1/163T/A
(L55M) |
105 CAD/DM and 95 CAD/ND, <85 yr, M/F | Tabriz | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Bayatmakoo et al., 2012 [81] | Paraoxonase 1/575G>A
(Q192R) |
105 DM/CAD and 95 CAD/ND, <85 yr, M/F | Tabriz | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between RR carriers and CAD/DM (P < 0.05) |
| Esteghamati et al., 2012 [82] | (i) Adiponectin/+45T/G
(ii) Adiponectin/+276G/T |
114 CAD/DM and 127 DM, 42–71 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Negative significant association between 45TT carriers and CAD (P = 0.033) (ii) Positive significant association between 276GG carriers and CAD (P = 0.023) |
| Rahimi et al., 2012 [83] | eNOS/G894T
CETP/B1 |
102 CAD/DM, 105 CAD/ND, 101 DM, and 92 ND, 45–66 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association of concomitant presence of NOS3 T allele and CEPT B1 allele with T2DM (P = 0.004) and CAD (P = 0.002) |
| Assali et al., 2011 [84] | AT1R/A1166C | 145 CAD/DM and 164 CAD, <50 and ≥50 yr, M/F | Mashhad | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association of AC and CC carriers with DM (P = 0.01) |
| Emamgholipour et al., 2009 [85] | Resistin/−420C/G | 113 CAD with and without DM, 58 ± 9 yr, M/F | Tehran | Cross sectional | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between CC carriers and DM (P = 0.009) |
| Fallah et al., 2010 [86] | MMP-3/−1612 5A/6A | 305 CAD/DM and 313 DM, 61 ± 9 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between 6A/6A carriers and CAS (P = 0.008) |
| Vaisi-Raygani et al., 2010 [87] | BChE K/G1615A
APO E/E2, E3, E4 |
118 DM, 162 CAD/ND, 172 DM/CAD, and 179 healthy, 42–68 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association of GA, AA, and E4 carriers with CAD and DM (P < 0.05) Positive significant association of BChE K/ApoE4 carriers with CAD and DM (P < 0.05) Significant association of BChE K/ApoE4 with lipid profile (P < 0.05) |
| Rahimi et al., 2009 [88] | Factor V Leiden/G1691A Prothrombin/G20210A MTHFR/C677T |
65 CAD/DM, 52 CAD/ND, and 59 healthy, 46064 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Nonsignificance |
| Nakhjavani et al., 2007 [89] | ACE/I/D | 82 DM with hypertension and 87 DM without hypertension, 49–63 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR | Positive significant association between DD carriers and hypertension (P = 0.026) |
| Vaisi-Raygani et al., 2007 [90] | Apolipoprotein/E2, E3, E4 | 152 CAD/DM, 262 CAD/ND, and 300 healthy, 35–73 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association of E2 and E4 allele carriers with CAD (P < 0.001) |
|
| ||||||
| T2DM patients and nephropathy | ||||||
| Rahimi et al., 2013 [91] | eNOS/4a/b, G894T | 63T2DM/microalbuminuria, 57T2DM/macroalbuminuria, 52T2DM/normoalbuminuria, 121 DN, and 101 healthy, 45–66 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR PCR-RFLP |
Positive significant association of 4a or 894T allele carriers and macro- (P = 0.01) or microalbuminuria (P = 0.02) |
| Rahimi et al., 2013 [92] | AT2R/−1332G/A | 28T2DM/microalbuminuria, 22T2DM/macroalbuminuria, 20T2DM/normoalbuminuria, and 112 healthy, 43–63 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between AA carriers and nephropathy (P = 0.016) |
| Shahsavar et al., 2013 [93] | SUMO4/163A/G
(M55V) |
50 T2D/DN and 50 T2DM non-DN, 25–45 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between AA carriers and nephropathy (P < 0.05) |
| Arababadi et al., 2012 [94] | IL-10/−592C/A | 100 T2DM/non-DN, 100 T2DM/DN and 100 healthy, 31–49 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between CC carriers and DN (P = 0.001) |
| Nikzamir et al., 2012 [95] | VEGF/+405G/C | 255 T2DM/microalbuminuria and 235 T2DM/nonalbuminuric, 50–67 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between GG carriers and albuminuria (P = 0.002) |
| Rahimi et al., 2012 [96] | MTHFR/A1298C, C677T
ACE/I/D |
72T2DM/MicAlb, 68T2DM/MacAlband 72 T2DM/non-DN, 46–65 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP PCR |
Positive significant association of ACE D/677T (P = 0.035) and ACE D/1298C (P = 0.012) carriers with macroalbuminuria |
| Rahimi et al., 2012 [97] | eNOS/G894T
ACE/I/D |
72T2DM/microalbuminuria, 68T2DM/macroalbuminuria and 72 T2DM/non-DN, 46–65 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP PCR |
Positive significant association between ACE D carriers and macroalbuminuria (P = 0.035) |
| Felehgari et al., 2011 [98] | ACE/I/D | 68 T2DM/macroalbuminuria and 72 T2Dm/normoalbuminuria, 46–65 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR | Nonsignificance |
| Jafari et al., 2011 [99] | eNOS/G894T
MTHFR/C677T, A1298C |
72T2DM/microalbuminuria, 68T2DM/macroalbuminuria and 72 T2DM/non-DN, 46–65 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Positive significant association of eNOS T/1298 C and eNOS T/677 T carriers with macroalbuminuria (P < 0.05) (ii) Significant association of eNOS GT+TT carriers with lipid profile (P < 0.05) |
| Rahimi et al., 2011 [100] | ACE/I/D
Factor V Leiden/G1691A |
217/mean 55/both | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR PCR-RFLP |
Nonsignificance |
| Arababadi, 2010 [101] | IL-4/−590C/T | 100 T2DM/DN and 150 healthy, 33–47 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR | Positive significant association between CT carriers and DN (P < 0.001) |
| Nosratabadi et al., 2010 [102] | (i) VDR/TaqI (TT/Tt/tt)
(ii) VDR/ApaI (AA/Aa/aa) |
100 T2DM/non-DN, 100 T2DM/DN, and 100 healthy, 31–49 yr, M/F | Rafsanjan | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Positive significant association between Tt carriers and DN (P = 0.012) (ii) Nonsignificant association between ApaI carriers and DN |
| Rahimi et al., 2010 [103] | MTHFR/C677T, A1298C | 72T2DM/microlbumiunira, 68T2DM/macroalbuminuria, and 72 T2DM/non-DN, 46–65 yr, M/F | Kermanshah | Case control | PCR-RFLP | (i) Positive significant association of 677T, 1298C and 677T/1298C carriers with macroalbuminoria (P < 0.001) (ii) Positive significant association of CT+TT and 677T/1298C carriers with microalbuminuria (P < 0.001) |
| Nikzamir et al., 2009 [104] | ACE/I/D | 129T2DM/microlbumiunira, 48T2DM/macroalbuminuria, and 145T2DM/normoalbuminuria, 59.4 ± 8.5 yr, M/F | Tehran | Cross sectional | PCR | Positive significant association between DD carriers and progression of albuminuria (P < 0.01) but not its development |
| Nikzamir et al., 2006 [105] | ACE/I/D | 85 T2DM/DN, 85 T2DM/non-DN, and 91 healthy, 37–67 yr, M/F | Tehran | Case control | PCR | Positive significant association between DD carriers and T2DM (P = 0.006) but not DN |
|
| ||||||
| T2DM patients and retinopathy | ||||||
| Abbasi et al., 2013 [106] | GSTM1/null/positive | 80 DR and 80 healthy, 30–70 yr, M/F | Rasht | Case control | ARMS-PCR | Null genotype significant association, P < 0.05 |
| Dadbinpour et al., 2013 [107] | (i) GSTM1/null/positive
(ii) GSTT1/null/positive |
57 DR and 58 non-DR, 35–65 yr, M/F | Yazd | Case control | Multiplex PCR | (i) Null genotype of GSTM1 or GSTT1 significant association (P = 0.04) (ii) Nonsignificant association of GSTT1 null carriers with DR |
| Feghhi et al., 2011 [108] | VEGF/+405G/C | 119 diabetics with PDR and 279 diabetics with NPDR, 47–66 yr, M/F | Ahvaz | Case control | PCR-RFLP | Positive significant association between GG carriers and diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.005) |
|
| ||||||
| T2DM patients and foot ulcer | ||||||
| Amoli et al., 2011 [109] | (i) VEGF/−7C/T
(ii) VEGF/−2578C/A |
247 T2DM with DFU, 241 T2DM without DFU, and 98 healthy, 43–64, M/F | Tehran | Case control | ARMS-PCR | (i) Nonsignificant association of −7C/T carriers with DFU (ii) Positive significant association between AA carriers and DFU (P = 0.03) |
SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism; IL, interleukin; SS-PCR, sequence specific PCR; VDR, vitamin D receptor; TAP2, transporter 2 ATP-binding cassette; ARMS-PCR, amplification refractory mutation system PCR; PCR-SSP, PCR single specific primer; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β; DM, diabetes mellitus; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4; MODY, maturity onset diabetes of the young; HNF-1α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α; MVC, microvascular complications; TCF7L2, transcription factor 7-like 2; PCR-SSCA, PCR single strand conformation polymorphism analysis; ERα, estrogen receptor α; ND, nondiabetics; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; PPAR-γ2, peroxisome proliferator-activates receptor γ; GLP-1R, glucagon-like peptid 1 receptor; APO, apolipoprotein; CXCL5, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 5; SDF-1β, stromal derived factor-1β; IRS1 & 2, insulin receptor substrate 1 & 2; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; SLC30A8, soluble carrier 30 A8; KCNJ, Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; VNTR, variable number of tandem repeats; ENPP1, ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1; SUMO, small ubiquitin-like modifier 4; UCP2, uncoupling protein 2; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; IFNγ, interferon γ; CCR5, C-C chemokine receptor type 5; INSR, insulin receptor; CSGE, conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis; ACE, angiotensin I converting enzyme; HFE, hemochromatosis gene; PTPN1, protein tyrosin Phosphatase 1B; CAD, coronary artery disease; CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein; AT1R, angiotensin I receptor; MMP3, matrix metalloproteinase 3; CAS, coronary artery stenosis; BChE K, Butyrylcholinesterase K; DN, diabetic nephropathy; AT2R, angiotensin II receptor; VEGF, vascular epithelium growth factor; DR, diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-PDR; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer.