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. 2015 Nov 9;7:69. doi: 10.1186/s13195-015-0156-8

Table 2.

Comparison of demographic variables and the MoCA scale stratified by education level and age

	Education					Age (years)
	Low	Middle	High			60–69	70–79	≧ 80
Variables	N = 61	N = 118	N = 97	P value ^a	P _trend	N = 171	N = 91	N = 14	P value ^a	P _trend
Age (years ± SD)	67.77 ± 5.63	68.58 ± 6.59	67.23 ± 5.62	0.2572	0.4378	63.96 ± 2.91^a	73.27 ± 2.79^b	81.57 ± 2.44^c	< 0.0001^***	< 0.0001^***
Male (%)	20 (32.79%)	53 (44.92%)	63 (64.95%)	0.0002^**		77 (45.03%)	48 (52.75%)	11 (78.57%)	0.0392^*
Education (years ± SD)	5.66 ± 1.35^a	10.74 ± 1.53^b	15.76 ± 1.21^c	< 0.0001^***	< 0.0001^***	11.52 ± 4.10	11.16 ± 3.96	11.00 ± 3.33	0.7403	0.4450
Total Score	23.39 ± 3.87^a	25.28 ± 3.38^b	26.62 ± 2.58^c	< 0.0001^***	< 0.0001^***	25.94 ± 3.09^a	24.62 ± 3.66^b	22.64 ± 4.09^b	0.0001^**	< 0.0001^***
Visuospatial	3.38 ± 1.08^a	3.93 ± 1.02^b	4.40 ± 0.77^c	< 0.0001^***	< 0.0001^***	4.03 ± 1.00	3.95 ± 1.02	3.50 ± 1.34	0.1696	0.1116
Naming	2.59 ± 0.78^a	2.74 ± 0.55	2.90 ± 0.37^b	0.0032**	0.0007^**	2.80 ± 0.52	2.70 ± 0.62	2.64 ± 0.74	0.3096	0.1281
Memory1	3.62 ± 1.22^a	4.07 ± 1.04^b	4.25 ± 0.89^b	0.0022**	0.0008^**	4.15 ± 1.02	3.86 ± 1.06	3.50 ± 1.31	0.0269^*	0.0072^**
Memory2	4.41 ± 0.95^a	4.57 ± 0.76	4.80 ± 0.73^b	0.0405*	0.0117^*	4.64 ± 0.80^a	4.64 ± 0.67^a	4.10 ± 1.37^b	0.1198	0.1813
Attention1	1.80 ± 0.44	1.82 ± 0.45	1.91 ± 0.29	0.1816	0.0855	1.88 ± 0.36^a	1.86 ± 0.38^a	1.43 ± 0.65^b	0.0002^**	0.0050^*
Attention2	0.92 ± 0.28	0.95 ± 0.22	0.97 ± 0.17	0.3658	0.1602	0.96 ± 0.20^a	0.95 ± 0.23	0.86 ± 0.36	0.2435	0.1686
Attention3	2.80 ± 0.48	2.84 ± 0.45	2.89 ± 0.35	0.4668	0.2186	2.87 ± 0.38	2.79 ± 0.51	2.93 ± 0.27	0.2670	0.4875
Language1	0.92 ± 0.78^a	1.18 ± 0.74^a	1.55 ± 0.56^b	< 0.0001^***	< 0.0001^***	1.35 ± 0.68^a	1.15 ± 0.80	0.71 ± 0.47^b	0.0022^**	0.0008^**
Language2	0.84 ± 0.37	0.75 ± 0.43	0.85 ± 0.36	0.1927	0.6787	0.86 ± 0.35^a	0.75 ± 0.44	0.50 ± 0.52^b	0.0011^**	0.0004^**
Abstraction	0.79 ± 0.76^a	1.26 ± 0.76^b	1.68 ± 0.55^c	< 0.0001^***	< 0.0001^***	1.40 ± 0.72^a	1.11 ± 0.82^b	1.36 ± 0.74	0.0115^*	0.0297^*
Delayed Recall	2.49 ± 1.76^a	2.94 ± 1.67^a	3.52 ± 1.63^b	0.0008^**	0.0002^**	3.27 ± 1.63^a	2.73 ± 1.81^b	2.35 ± 1.74	0.0149^*	0.0039^**
Orientation	5.89 ± 0.37	5.96 ± 0.20	5.97 ± 0.17	0.0828	0.0472^*	5.95 ± 0.21^a	5.97 ± 0.18^a	5.71 ± 0.61^b	0.0010^*	0.0560

MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, SD standard deviation

*: P < 0.05 ; **: P < 0.01 ; ***: P < 0.0001

^a. Tested by ANOVA with Scheffe’s test and χ² test