. 2015 Dec;105(12):2510–2517. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302798

TABLE 3—

Bivariate Analysis of Dental Caries, Mouth Pain, and Nutritional Status; Vietnam; 2011

Predictive Variable	Outcome Variable	Valid No.	Correlation Factor (ρ) or Test Statistic (t or F)	Mean^a	Mean Difference From Reference (95% CI)	P
Dental caries severity^b	Composite mouth pain experience	569	ρ = 0.404			< .001
Dental caries severity^c	Child’s nutritional status		F(2, 570) = 3.12			.045
No caries	Mean height for age	573		–0.06	(Ref)
Low severity				–0.33	–0.28 (–0.57, 0.18)	.071
High severity				–0.31	–0.26 (–0.52, 0.12)	.065
Dental caries severity^c	Child’s nutritional status		F(2, 570) = 9.78			< .001
No caries	Mean weight for age	573		0.82	(Ref)
Low severity				0.36	–0.46 (–0.81, –0.11)	.006
High severity				0.23	–0.59 (–0.91, –0.27)	< .001
Dental caries severity^c	Child’s nutritional status		F(2, 569) = 10.34			< .001
No caries	Mean BMI for age	572		1.27	(Ref)
Low severity				0.82	–0.44 (–0.81, –0.08)	.012
High severity				0.62	–0.64 (–0.97, –0.31)	< .001
Overweight status^d	Mean no. of decayed teeth
Nonoverweight		572		5.80^e	(Ref)
Overweight			t(196.22) = 3.04	4.31^e	–1.49 (–2.48, –0.52)	.003
Composite mouth pain experience^d	Child’s nutritional status
No pain	Mean height for age	555		–0.26	(Ref)
Pain			t(553) = –0.13	–0.24	–0.02 (–0.17, 0.20)	.896
No pain	Mean weight for age	555		0.50	(Ref)
Pain			t(553) = 1.71	0.30	–0.20 (–0.42, 0.03)	.088
No pain	Mean BMI for age	554		0.97	(Ref)
Pain			t(552) = 2.48	0.68	–0.29 (–0.52, –0.06)	.013
Dental caries depth^c^,^f^,^g	Child’s nutritional status		F(3, 336) = 5.07			.002
No caries	Mean height for age	340		0.20	(Ref)
D_E				–0.09	–0.29 (–0.77, 0.20)	.423
D_D				–0.23	–0.43 (–0.86, 0.02)	.066
D_P				–0.46	–0.66 (–1.10, –0.21)	.001
Dental caries depth^c^,^f^,^g	Child’s nutritional status		F(3, 336) = 11.94			< .001
No caries	Mean weight for age	340		1.14	(Ref)
D_E				0.71	–0.43 (–1.02, 0.15)	.227
D_D				0.31	–0.83 (–1.36, –0.29)	< .001
D_P				–0.03	–1.17 (–1.71, –0.63)	< .001
Dental caries depth^c^,^f^,^g	Child’s nutritional status		F(3, 335) = 11.16			< .001
No caries	Mean BMI for age	339		1.52	(Ref)
D_E				1.14	–0.38 (–1.00, 0.25)	.41
D_D				0.68	–0.84 (–1.41, –0.27)	.001
D_P				0.34	–1.18 (–1.76, –0.61)	< .001
Dental caries depth^b^,^f^,^g	Dental caries severity	353	ρ = 0.807			< .001
Dental caries depth^b^,^f^,^g	Composite mouth pain experience	347	ρ = 0.413			< .001

Note. ANOVA = analysis of variance; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval.

^{^a}

Mean indicates mean z-score, except where noted.

^{^b}

Spearman rank correlation.

^{^c}

All categories within predictive variable compared in a single ANOVA. For clarity, only mean differences with respect to the reference category are shown.

^{^d}

Student t-test.

^{^e}

Mean number of decayed teeth.

^{^f}

Children’s dental status coded according to the deepest level of decay: No caries; D_E = decay cavitation only into enamel; D_D = any decay cavitation into dentine; D_P = any decay cavitation into pulp.

^{^g}

Da Nang sites only.