Table 1.
Global measures referring to psychodynamic therapy.
| Instrument source | Basis Theoretical orientation Objective within the development | Short description | Assessment mode Raters Definition of scales | Valuation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objectivity | Reliablity | Validity | ||||
| Adherence/Competence Scale for SE for Cocaine Dependence developed within the NIDA-CCTS (ACS-SEC; Barber et al., 1997) | Luborsky's manual for supportive-expressive treatment (Luborsky, 1984) manual of Mark and Faude (1995); own work (PACS-SE, Barber and Crits-Christoph, 1996) SE To assess the frequency of a technique and the competence with which it is implemented |
82 items, 3 subscales: 1. supportive (13 items) 2. expressive (31) 3. cocaine abuse (11) 17 additional items from the original scale PACS-SE |
m (7-point Likert scale), session O No coding manual published, description of scales within (Barber et al., 1997) |
C | A | B |
| Columbia Analytic Process Scale (CAPS; Vaughan et al., 1997) | Review of clinical literature, meetings with another study group, TIRS (Bordin, 1966; Piper et al., 1987) AP Specifically designed for use in an outcome study |
3 parts: 1. free association (level I, II or III) 2. interpretation vs. non-interpretation (formal intervention, information providing, questions, advice) 3. working through (insight, understanding regarding an observation about the self, fantasy, transference, genetic history) |
d, session O Short coding manual within (Vaughan et al., 1997) |
C | B | C |
| Interpretive and Supportive Technique Scale (ISTS; Ogrodniczuk and Piper, 1999) | Interpretive/supportive treatment manuals, literature review, clinical experience PDT Measures interpretive and supportive features of technique for a broad range of dynamically oriented psychotherapies |
14 items, 2 scales: 1. supportive techniques: gratify, noninterpretive interventions, guidance, problem solving, explanations, praise, personal information 2. interpretative techniques: pressure, uncomfortable emotions, interpretations, impression of therapist, linking, patient-therapist relationship, impression of others |
m (5-point Likert scale), ratings of single interventions complete the overall rating on session-level O Coding manual available from the authors |
A | A | B |
| Therapist Action Scale (TAS) parallel form: Patient Action Scale (PAS) (Hoyt et al., 1981) | Previous therapist-activity rating systems, process-outcome studies, theoretical and clinical background PDT To assess the emphasis of specific actions of therapist and patient |
25 items, no subscales e.g., self-concept of patient, expression of feelings, prescription/advise given, future plans of patient | d, m, session O No coding manual published; categories within (Hoyt et al., 1981) |
C | B | B |
| Therapist Verbal Interventions Inventory (TVII; Koenigsberg et al., 1985) | Review of instruments, interventions described in literature, clinical experience PDT To measure the range of interventions used by psychodynamically oriented therapists in therapy of patients with borderline personality disorder |
35 items, 20 categories (further specified into 4 subcategories: provides factual information, seeks clarification, confronts, interprets) e.g., gives advice, offers sympathy, focus on external reality | d, 15-min segment O Coding manual exists as an unpublished manuscript |
B | B | C |
| Vanderbilt Therapeutic Strategies Scale (VTSS; Butler et al., 1995) | Manual for time-limited PDT, literature on psychodynamic technique Time-limited PDT Adherence scale to differentiate between experienced and unexperienced therapists |
21 items, 2 subscales: 1. interviewing style (IS, 12 items) 2. TDLP-specific strategies (SS, 9 items) |
m (5-point Likert scale), session O Coding manual exists as unpublished manuscript |
B | A | B |
m, metric; d, dichotomous; O, observer; SE, supportive-expressive dynamic psychotherapy; AP, analytic psychotherapy; PACS-SE, Penn Adherence-Competence Scale for Supportive-Expressive therapy; PDT, psychodynamic therapy; TIRS, Therapist Intervention Rating System; TDLP, Time-limited- dynamic psychotherapy; NIDA-CCTS, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Evaluation criteria: A, no limitations; B, some restrictions; C, severe deficits (see text of the manuscript for details).