Table 2.
Microanalytic measures referring to psychodynamic therapy.
| Instrument source | Basis Theoretical orientation Objective within the development | Short description | Assessment mode Raters Definition of scales | Valuation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objectivity | Reliability | Validity | ||||
| Analytic process scales (APS; Waldron et al., 2004a) | 18 years of bottom-up development, regular meetings over several years; PIRS (Cooper and Bond, 1992; Milbrath et al., 1999), VPPS (O'Malley et al., 1983), TVII (Koenigsberg et al., 1985, 1988), Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (Jones and Windholz, 1990) AP Examine changes occurring over time in psycho-analytic treatments and what features of patient and analyst account for these changes |
4 categories: 1. types of intervention (encourage elaboration, clarify, make an interpretation, provide support) 2. aims of intervention (patient's defense, patient's reaction to the analyst/analytic situation, patient's conflicts, romantic/sexual issues, aggressive/hostile issues, developmental focus, self-esteem issues) 3. other characteristics (confronting, feelings of the analyst, analyst's intervention amicable, analyst's intervention hostile) 4. quality of the intervention (follow the patient's immediate emotional focus, good intervention) |
m (5-point Likert scale), segment of session O APS Coding Manual (80 pages) available at www.ipa.org.uk or from the author: woodywald@earthlink.net |
A | B | B |
| Coding of therapist statement (Connolly et al., 1998) | / SE To classify therapist statements into general categories consistent with the techniques of SE therapy |
4 categories: 1. interpretation 2. clarification 3. question 4. other; for interpretation, additionally time frame (childhood past, adult past, present) and persons included (therapist, parents, significant other, self, no other person) are detected |
d, speaking turn O No coding manual pub-lished; definition of categories in (Connolly et al., 1998) |
C | A | B |
| Malan intervention typology (MIT; Malan, 1963, cited from Silberschatz et al., 1986) | / PDT To assess interpretations and their impact on therapy outcome |
2 scales: 1. interpretation (parent, other, self; transference vs. non-transference) 2. non-interpretation |
d, statement O No coding manual published; description within (Malan, 1963, 1976) |
C | B | C |
| Psychotherapy Interaction Coding System (PIC; McCullough, 1988, cited from Town et al., 2012b) | / PDT To examine therapist interventions and the impact of these interventions in dynamic orientated therapies |
2 scales: 1. 8 process codes: question, information, self-disclosure, clarification, directive, support, interpretation, confrontation 2. 4 content codes: defenses, anxieties, impulse/feeling, no content |
d, response O Coding manual: (McCullough, 1988); description of categories: (Town et al., 2012a) |
A | B | C |
| Psychodynamic Interventions Rating Scale (PIRS; Cooper and Bond, 1992, cited from Milbrath et al., 1999) | Among others: ITS (Gaston and Ring, 1992) PDT To examine microprocesses in expressive and psychodynamic therapies regarding specific types of interpretive interventions |
2 scales: 1. interpretive interventions: defense, transference 2. supportive interventions: acknowledgments, clarification, questions, associations, reflections, work-enhancing strategies, supporting strategies, contractual arrangements |
d, m for interpretative interventions (5-point Likert scale), utterance O Coding manual exists as unpub-lished manual; categories within (Banon et al., 2001) |
B | A | B |
| Therapist intervention rating system (TIRS; Piper et al., 1987) |
Review of existing rating scales, (e.g., (Strupp, 1966; Luborsky et al., 1979; Marziali and Sullivan, 1980); PDT) To reliably identify interpretations (intervention defined as “interpretive” when there is reference to a “dynamic component”) |
10 categories: 1. noninterventions 4 noninterpretive lower categories without reference to patient's experience: 2. formal 3. information providing 4. information requesting 5. directive 1 noninterpretive lower category (with partial reference to patient's experience): 6. nondynamic component 4 interpretive upper categories with reference to patient's internal conflict: 7. single dynamic component 8. double dynamic component 9. triple dynamic component 10. quadruple dynamic component (dynamic components: wish, fear, defensive process, dynamic expression) |
d, statement O Coding manual exists as unpublished manuscript, available from the first author; description of categories with examples within (Piper et al., 1987) |
A | B | C |
m, metric; d, dichotomous; O, observer; SE, supportive-expressive dynamic psychotherapy; AP, analytic psychotherapy; PDT, psychodynamic therapy; PIRS, Psychodynamic Intervention Rating Scale; VPPS, Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Process Scale; TVII, Therapist verbal Interventions Inventory. Evaluation criteria: A, no limitations; B, some restrictions; C, severe deficits (see text of the manuscript for details).