Table 4.
Pantheoretical global measures.
| Instrument source | Basis Theoretical orientation Objective within the development | Short description | Assessment mode Raters Definition of scales | Valuation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objectivity | Reliability | Validity | ||||
| Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth et al., 2005) | Two reviews of the empirical comparative psychotherapy process literature (Blagys and Hilsenroth, 2000, 2002) PI, CBT To classify and compare PI and CBT treatments and to assess therapist activity, process and techniques used in a therapy session |
20 items, 2 subscales: 1. psychodynamic-interpersonal subscale (10 items), 2. cognitive-behavioral subscale (10 items) |
m (7-point Likert scale), session P,T,O Coding manual available at http://supp.apa.org/psycarticles/supplemental/pst_42_3_340/pst_42_3_340_supp.html |
A | A | A |
| Collaborative Study Psychotherapy Rating Scale (Form 6) (CSPRS; Hollon et al., 1984, cited from Hill et al., 1992) | Consultation of trainers of treatment modalities, several treatment manuals, based on MTRS (DeRubeis et al., 1982) CBT, IPT, CM To distinguish sessions of cognitive therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and clinical management pharmacotherapy |
96 items, 8 scales: 3 modality-specific scales: 1. CBT scale (28 items, 6 subscales), 2. IPT scale (28, items, 7 subscales), 3. CM scale (20 items, 5 subscales) 3 tangential modality scales (8 items, 2 CBT, 1 IPT subscale) 2 non-modality-specific scales (12 items, 2 subscales: facilitative condition (FC, 8 items), explicit directiveness (ED, 4 items) |
m (7-point Likert scale), session O Coding manual (Evans et al., 1984) |
A | A | B |
| Sheffield Psychotherapy Rating Scale (SPRS; Shapiro and Startup, 1990, cited from Startup and Shapiro, 1993) | 41 items of CSPRS, (3 items slightly changed), 16 new items ET, CBT, IPT Designed to rate adherence of therapists to exploratory therapy (psychodynamic/experiential therapy with an interpersonal focus) |
59 Items, 3 scales: 1. exploratory therapy scale (ET, 19 items (4 items from the IPT scale of CSPRS, 14 new items) 6 subscales) 2. prescriptive scale (P, 32 items; CBT + 2 of tangential modality scale of CSPRS + 2 new items) 3. FC scale of CSPRS (8 items) |
m (7-point Likert scale), session O Raters' manual (Shapiro and Startup, 1990), description of items within (Startup and Shapiro, 1993) |
A | A | B |
| Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI; McCarthy and Barber, 2009) | Treatment manuals, therapy books, adherence measures, theoretical and review articles, experts To assess therapeutic interventions from different psychotherapy orientations and from the perspective of patients, therapists, and observers |
60 items, 8 subscales: 1. behavioral (BT, 15 items), 2. cognitive (CT, 16 items), 3. dialectical-behavioral (DBT, 8 items), 4. interpersonal (IPT, 7 items), 5. person centered (PC, 7 items), 6. psychodynamic (PD, 12 items), 7. process-experiential (PE, 9 items), 8. common factors (CF, 7 items) (several items are unspecific and belong to multiple subscales) |
m (5-point rating scale), session P,T,O No coding manual published |
C | A | B |
| Psychotherapy process Q set (PQS; Jones, 1985, cited from Jones et al., 1987) | Search of extant process measures, discussions with research-oriented clinicians, bottom-up development To provide a standard language and rating procedure for classification of the therapy process and to systematically characterrize a wide range of patient-therapist interactions | 100 items, no subscales: 3 types of items: 1. patient attitude and behavior or experience (40 items), 2. therapist's actions and attitudes (41 items), 3. nature of the interaction in the dyad or the climate or atmosphere (19 items) |
Q method: items are sorted on a continuum from 1 = least to 9 = most characteristic (5 = neutral/irrelevant), session O Coding manual exists as unpub-lished manual (Jones, 1985) |
B | B | B |
| Therapist Interventions and Qualities Inventory – therapist form (TIQI-T) (TIQI-P; patient form Bøgwald, 2001) | Previous research of literature, feedback of experienced clinicians, Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (1962) To assess specific therapist interventions and unspe-cific interpersonal skills and qualities that have been emphasized in other instruments e.g., Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory |
36 items, no subscales: e.g.,: encouraged the patient to explore uncomfortable emotions, made interpretations, encouraged patient to talk about what others might feel toward patient, questioned patient about his/her feeling toward therapist | m (5-point Likert scale), session T No coding manual published |
C | B | C |
| Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Process Scale Developed within Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Research Project (VPPS; O'Malley et al., 1983; Strauss et al., 1992) | Based on Therapy Session Report (Orlinsky and Howard, 1967, 1975) and further development; (Gomes-Schwartz and Schwartz, 1978) To assess relevant aspects within the therapeutic process Three domains: exploratory processes, therapist-offered relationship, and client involvement |
64 items, 8 subscales: 1. client participation (8 items), 2. client hostility (6 items), 3. client dependency (6 items), 4. therapist warmth and friendliness (9 items), 5. negative therapist attitude (6 items), 6. client exploration (7 items), 7. therapist exploration (13 items), 8. client psychic distress (9 items) |
m, 15-minute segment of session or entire session O Coding manual existing as an unpublished manuscript |
B | B | B |
m, metric; P, patient; T, therapist; O, observer; CBT, cognitive-behavioral therapy; PI, psychodynamic-interpersonal therapy; IPT, interpersonal therapy; CM, clinical management; ET, exploratory therapy; FC, Facilitative conditions. Evaluation criteria: A, no limitations; B, some restrictions; C, severe deficits (see text of the manuscript for details).