Table 5.
Pantheoretical microanalytic measures.
| Instrument source | Basis Theoretical orientation Objective within the development | Short description | Assessment mode Raters Definition of scales | Valuation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objectivity | Reliability | Validity | ||||
| Coding System of Therapeutic Focus (CSTF; Goldfried et al., 1989, cited from Kerr et al., 1992) | Consultation of researchers /practitioners from CBT and IPT, preliminary scoring of therapeutic vignettes from other psychotherapy researchers and published transcripts appearing in the literature CBT, PI To examine the content of the therapist's in-session focus and to facilitate comparative process analyses across therapeutic orientations |
40 items, 6 categories: 1. components of functioning (10 items), 2. general interventions (7 items), 3. intrapersonal links (3 items), 4. interpersonal links (5 items), 5. persons involved (9 items), 6. time frame (6 items) |
d, utterance O Original article is an unpublished manuscript; for description of scales in detail, see e.g., (Goldsamt et al., 1992); no coding manual published |
C | A | B |
| Helping Skills System (HSS; Hill and O'Brien, 1999, cited from Hess et al., 2006) | Substantially revised version of the HCVRCS (Hill Counselor Verbal Response Category System, Hill, 1978) To classify counselor's responses without regard to the quality of the message |
12 categories; 3 subscales: 1. exploration skills (approval/reassurance, closed question, open question, restatement, reflection of feelings), 2. insight skills (challenge, interpretation, self-disclosure, immediacy), 3. action skills (information, direct guidance). residual category |
d, grammatical sentence O Coding manual available at http://forms.apa.org/books/supp/hill3/pdf/student/webformE.pdf |
A | B | B |
| Hill Counse-lor Verbal Response Category System–Revised (HCVRCS–R; Friedlander, 1982) |
Revised version of HCVRCS (Hill, 1978) Conceptually and methodologically More rigorous than the original version |
9 categories: encouragement/approval/reassurance, reflection/restatement, self-disclosure, confrontation, interpretation, providing information, information seeking, direct guidance/ advice, unclassifiable |
d, utterance O No coding manual exists, description within (Friedlander, 1982) |
C | B | C |
| Inventory of Therapeutic Strategies (ITS; Gaston and Ring, 1992) |
Review of literature, review of therapy sessions (of cognitive, dynamic, and behavioral therapy) To assess the major intentions in therapist's interventions |
19 items, 3 subscales: 1. explorative strategies (12 items, 3 content subcategories (defenses, emotions, cognitions), 4 objective subcategories (therapist, others, self, non-interpersonal situations) 2. supportive interventions (3 items), 3. work-enhancing strategies (4 items) |
microanalytic: d, statement; global: m (5-point Likert scale), session O Coding manual exists as unpublished ms. (Gaston, 1988) |
B | A | A |
| Helper Behavior Rating System (Shapiro et al., 1980), c.fr. (Barkham and Shapiro, 1986) |
Elliott's (1979) Helper Behavior Rating System (Shapiro et al., 1984), review of existing rating systems To develop a system of response mode analysis for clinical research |
12 categories: interpretation, exploration, reflection, general advisement, process advisement, reassurance, disagreement, open question, closed question, general information, self-disclosure, other |
d, thought unit O Coding manual (Shapiro et al., 1980), available from the senior author |
A | B | C |
| Response modes coding system (Connolly Gibbons et al., 2002) |
Based on 6 published coding systems described within (Elliott et al., 1987) IPT, CT To compare and contrast the therapist response modes used in manual-guided interpersonal and cognitive therapy sessions |
3 categories, 8 subcategories: 1. statement categories: learning statements, clarification, restatements, questions, informational/ directional statements, self-disclosures, role play, other statements 2. time frames: childhood, adult past, present, in session, future, unspecified 3. person code: father, mother, parents, sibling, immediate family, extended family, therapist, other real person, unspecified, significant other, child, patient |
d, speaking turn O Manual existing as unpublished manuscript, description of categories within (Connolly Gibbons et al., 2002) |
C | B | C |
| System for assessing therapist communications (SATC; Brunink and Schroeder, 1979) | System Of Analysis (SOA; Fiedler, 1950, 1951; Strupp, 1957; Carkhuff, 1969) To compare psychoanalytically orientated, behavior, and Gestalt therapists |
6 dimensions: type of therapeutic activity (8 categories: facilitating communications, exploratory operations, clarification, interpret-tive operations, structuring, direct guidance, activity not clearly relevant to task of therapy, and unclassifiable), temporal focus (present, past), interview content focus (4 categories: client, thera-pist-client relationship, therapist self-disclosures, content irrelevant to therapy, degree of initiative, communication (5 categories: relevant task-oriented communi-cations, accurate, nonadditive comm., additive comm., inaccu-rate or subtractive comm., comm. irrelevant to therapy, therapeutic climate (4 categories: minimally supportive or emotionally neutral, supportive or giving, nonsupport-tive or withholding) | d (m for “degree of initiative,” 4 levels), utterance O No coding manual published; description of dimensions within (Brunink and Schroeder, 1979) |
C | B | B |
| Therapist Behavior Code-Revised (TBC-R; Bischoff and Tracey, 1995) |
(TBC; Forgatch and Chamberlain, 1982) Focus on categorization of therapist's behavior into directive and nondirective units |
8 categories: support (10 items), teach (5 items), structure (3 items), question and information seek (4 items), confront and challenge (8 items), interpret and reframe (6 items), talk (1 item), facilitate (1 item); additional subcodes for question and interpret: directive vs. non-directive | d, speaking turn O Coding manual existent as an unpublished manuscript |
B | B | C |
| Verbal Response Mode (VRM; Stiles et al., 1989) | First author's previous work CBT, PI To classify speech acts which concern what people do when they say something, without respect to speech content or to interactants' affective states (version for client and for therapist available) |
8 categories: disclosure (D), edification (E), question (Q), acknowledgment (K), advisement (general/process) (A), confirmation (C), interpretation (I), reflection (exploratory/simple) (R) Each category is rated separately regarding interpersonal intent and grammatical form | d, utterance O Coding manual (Stiles, 1992) |
A | A | C |
m, metric; d, dichotomous; O, observer; CT, cognitive therapy; CBT, cognitive-behavioral therapy; PI, psychodynamic-interpersonal therapy; IPT, interpersonal therapy. Evaluation criteria: A, no limitations; B, some restrictions; C, severe deficits (see text of the manuscript for details).