Table 2.

Case reports and individual findings from congenital, spontaneous, and iatrogenic claustrum lesions.

Reference	Claustrum Lesions	Other affected brain areas	Diagnosis	Claustrum lesion mechanism	Psychiatric and non-psychiatric symptoms	Evolution of psychiatric symptoms	Notes
Dodgson (67)	Absence of dorsal claustrum	Bilateral insular microgyria, abnormal frontal and temporal sulci adjacent to the insula	Mental retardation	Brain malformations	Mental retardation	Not commented upon
Ishii et al. (58)	Bilateral claustrum	Nil	Viral (mumps) encephalitis	Edema Inflammatory?	Confusion, visual and auditory hallucinations, epilepsia	Reversible
McKay and Cipolotti (69)	Right claustrum	Right insula, adjacent white matter, less severe changes in left insular cortex	Herpes simplex encephalitis	Edema Inflammatory? Immune reaction?	Cotard delusion status epilepticus	Reversible
Sperner et al. (59)	Bilateral claustrum	bilateral External capsuale	Transitory non-viral encephalitis	Edema Inflammatory?	Psychotic symptoms	Reversible
Shoji et al. (70)	Bilateral claustrum	Both hippocampi, both amygdalae	Non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis	Edema Inflammatory? Immune reaction? CSF positive for anti-GluRϵ2 IgG and IgM antibodies	Delirious state, restlessness, palpitation, seizures	Reversible	Patients with non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis (NHALE) often manifest behavioral disorders, incoherent speech, delusions and hallucinations. This it to put the presence of auto antibody against glutamate receptor in NHALE could lead to a malfunctioning glutamate systems and then the disruption of dopaminergic pathways, as suggested in the glutamate model of delusions
Ishida et al. (71)	Bilateral claustrum	Right hippocampus	Non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis	Edema Inflammatory? Immune reaction? CSF positive for auto antibody against glutamate receptor	Headache, convulsion, consciousness disturbance, ataxia, cold-like symptoms. disturbance of short-term memory and a change of character	Reversible unless memory disturbances
Matsuzono et al. (72)	Bilateral claustrum	Medial of frontal lobe, periventricular region	Non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis	Edema Inflammatory? Immune reaction? CSF positive for auto antibody against glutamate receptor	Delusional ideas and hallucinations, but not seizures (personal communication to CP) Parkinsonism, myoclonus	Reversible
Chakraborty et al. (73)	Left claustrum	Multiple cortical (insular, medial and lateral frontal cortex), and periventricular (caudate head) discrete ring enhancing lesions and associated surrounding edema	Multiple parenchymal neurocysticercosis	Oedéma Inflammatory?	Delusion of jealousy left-sided hemiplegia	Reversible
McMurtray et al. (74)	Left claustrum	Left basal ganglia with adjacent edema likely affecting the corona radiate and possibly extending to the optic radiations	Hemorrhagic stroke	Necrosis?	Neurological impairment, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions of rotting/decaying of the right (paralyzed) side of his body similar to a Cotard delusion	Reversible with antipsychotic medications
		Small periventricular hyperintensities		Perinecrotic edema
Turkalj et al. (75)	Left claustrum	A 10 cm tubular area of posttraumatic encephalomalacia of the left hemisphere (left orbitofrontal region, insula, putamen, deep white matter and parietal lobe with consecutively slightly enlarged left lateral ventricle)	Stabbing injury from a billiard stick	Necrosis? Post traumatic gliosis Edema?	Delusions with paranoid and religious content accompanied by visual hallucinations, anosognosia, bradypsychia, anhedonia, depressed mood disinhibited behavior, and progressive social withdrawal, left eye mydriasis	Reversible
Sener (76, 77)	“Bright claustrum sign” (T2 claustrum hyper intensity)	–	Wilson’s disease (WD)	Oedéma Inflammatory?	Neurological symptoms, no remarks about psychiatric symptoms	–	Delusional disorders and schizophrenia-like psychosis have also been associated with WD (78–81)