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. 2015 Nov 10;5:16466. doi: 10.1038/srep16466

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Fibroblasts isolated from the infra-patellar fat pad (n = 6) were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 (3 ng/ml) for 48 hours and the relative gene expression of (a) α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), (b) collagen I, (c) collagen III and (d) fibronectin quantified by qRT-PCR. The expression of all fibrotic genes was increased by TGF-β1. Data is presented as mean ± standard error of the mean with statistical significance indicated by; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.