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. 2015 Oct 22;6:8585. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9585

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(a) LEED patterns with surface reconstruction labelled for SrTiO₃ surfaces prepared at different annealing temperature sequentially. The corresponding carrier densities are calculated by Ti³⁺ ratio from PEY XAS spectra for 2D case (≤1,000 °C) and TFY-XAS spectra for 3D case (1,200 °C). See Methods for details. (b–e) Ti L_2,3-edge and O K-edge XAS spectra from different surfaces. Black arrows indicate the peak intensity coming from Ti³⁺. (f) Top, numerically calculated XAS spectra of Ti³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ ions in SrTiO₃. Bottom, decomposition of experimental XAS spectra, exemplified by the PEY spectra for surfaces annealed at 1,000 °C. (g) Schematic evolution of oxygen vacancy concentration and Ti³⁺ ratio from PEY and TFY spectra. Vertical black line indicates the boundary between 2D and 3D oxygen vacancies.