| High ambient temperature, solar radiation, and high humidity |
High intensity of exercise and/or poor physical conditioning |
| Athletic gear or uniforms |
Sleep loss |
| Peer or organizational pressure |
Dehydration or inadequate water intake |
| Inappropriate work-to-rest ratios based on intensity, wet-bulb globe temperature, clothing, equipment, fitness, and athlete's medical condition |
Use of diuretics or certain medications (ie, antihistamines, diuretics, antihypertensives, attention-deficit hyperactive disorder drugs) |
| Predisposing medical conditions |
Overzealousness or reluctance to report problems, issues, or illnesses |
| Lack of education and awareness of heat illnesses among coaches, athletes, and medical staff |
Inadequate heat acclimatization |
| No emergency plan to identify and treat exertional heat illnesses |
High muscle mass-to-body fat ratio |
| Minimal access to fluids before and during practice and rest breaks |
Presence of a fever |
| Delay in recognition of early warning signs |
Skin disorder |
