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. 2015 May 11;116(6):875–888. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcv055
No. Paper Observations Continent Site Latitude Longitude Biome Order Year range Senescence metric
1 Asshoff et al. (2006) 9 Europe Swiss Canopy Crane Reserve 47·46667 7·5 Temperate Fagales 2002–2004 75 % LF
2 Augspurger et al. (2005) 5 North America Trelease Woods, understorey 40·15 –88·16667 Temperate Sapindales 1996–1998* 0 % LAI
Trelease Woods, edge
Trelease Woods, canopy Mixed
3 Barr et al. (2004) 16 North America Old Aspen Site 53·7 –106·2 Boreal Fagales 1997–2003 PAR transmission plateau, Px = 0
Malpighiales 1994, 1996–2003
4 Blanke and Kunz (2011) 3 Europe Klein-Altendorf Research Centre 50·62 6·988 Temperate Mixed 1988–2010* 50 % LF
1958–2007*
1958–1987*
5 Brown et al. (1997) 4 North American Orland E. White Arboretum 39·0638 –78·0646 Temperate Fagales 1994 50 % LF
6 Chen et al. (2005) 6 Asia Beijing 40·01667 116·3333 Temperate Mixed 1982–1993* NDVI
Gaixian 40·4333 122·3333 1982–1993*
Harbin 45·7 126·6667 1982–1993*
Luoyang 34·6667 112·41667 1982–1993*
Mudanjiang 44·4333 129·6667 1982–1993*
Xi'an 34·21667 108·96667 1982–1993*
Xingtai 37·0667 114·5 1982–1993*
7 Chmielewski and Rötzer (2001) 11 Europe Dinaric Mountain Region 42·9 20·3 Temperate Mixed 1969–1984* 50 % LF
Great Hungarian Lowlands 46 19·6
North Alpine Foreland 47·8 10·9
Southern Central European Highlands 48·2 8·2
Bohemian Highlands 48·6 15·5
Northern Central European Highlands 50·4 8·7
British Isles 51·6 –3·8 Temperate
North Sea/Central European Lowlands 52·9 10·1 Temperate
Baltic Sea Region 57·2 15·2 Temperate
North Atlantic Mountain Region 61·9 8·1 Boreal
North Scandinavia 67·1 26·7 Boreal
8 Chmielewski et al. (2005) 3 Europe Saxony NA NA Temperate Sapindales 1961–2000* 50 % CC
Fagales 1961–2000*
9 Connor et al. (1994) 6 North America Orland E. White Arboretum 39·0638 −78·0646 Temperate Fagales 1989–1991 50 % LF
10 Delbart et al. (2005) 10 Asia Turuhansk 65·8 88 Boreal Fagales 1999 NDVI
Taseevo 57·18333 94·833333 Boreal
Vehme 63·08333 88 Boreal
Podtsesovo 58·51666 92·216666 Boreal
Aksarka 66·5 67·816666 Boreal
Ilir 50·5 100·7 Boreal
Kuragino 53·9 92·7 Boreal
Krasnoyarsk 56 93 Boreal
Tachtip 52·733 90 Boreal
Volchno 54 81 Boreal
11 Dillen et al. (2012) 2 North America Harvard Forest 42·533 –72·183 Temperate Fagales 2010 50 % LF
Fagales
12 Doi (2012) 53 Asia Japan meteorological sites (53 sites) NA NA Temperate Rosales 1953–2005 80 % LF
13 Doi and Takashi (2008) 2 Asia Japan meteorological sites 35·4 135·8 Temperate Ginkgoales 1953–2005* 80 % LF
Sapindales
14 Dragoni et al. (2011) 10 North America Morgon Monroe State Forest 39·317 –86·417 Temperate Mixed 1999–2008 0 % LAI
15 Dragoni and Rahman (2012) 48 North America 28·25°N 28·25 NA Temperate Mixed 1989–1999 NDVI
35·75°N 35·75 NA
48·25°N 48·25 NA
16 Elmore et al. (2012) 1 North America Cheasapeake Bay 39·87 –77·75 Temperate Mixed 2004–2008* Landsat 50 % cover
17 Fridley (2012) 6 North America Syracuse, NY 43·05 –76·15 Temperate Mixed 2008–2010 50 % LF, 90 % LF
18 Gibson et al. (2001) 1 North America Clemson, SC 34·68 –82·84 Temperate Rosales 1998 50 % LF
19 Gill et al. (1998) 4 North America Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest 43·94 –71·72 Temperate Fagales 1989 50 % LF
Lamiales
Sapindales
20 Glinwood and Pettersson (2000) 1 Uppsala 59·816667 17·633333 Temperate Rosales 1998 50 % LF
21 Grassi and Magnani (2005) 6 Europe Nonantola Experimental Site 44·683 11·033 Temperate Lamiales 2001–2003 50 % Amax
Fagales
22 Heide (2003) 7 Europe Agricultural University of Norway 60 10·783 Boreal Fagales 1996–2002* 50 % LF
23 Isaacson et al. (2012) 8 North America Flambeau River State Forest 45·733 –90·75 Temperate Lamiales 2009 NDVI
Kettle Moraine State Forest 43·598 –88·280 Sapindales
24 Juknys et al. (2011) 92 Europe Vytautus Magnus University 54·083 23·083 Temperate Malvales 1956–60, 1968–1997, 2000–2010 50 % LF, 50 % CC
25 Kafaki et al. (2009) 4 Asia Guilan Province NA NA Temperate Fagales 2003–2006 100 % LF
26 Keskitalo (2005) 1 Europe Umea University 63·820539 20·303591 Boreal Malpighiales 2003 100 % LF
27 Kodani et al. (2002) Japan Tohoku Research Center 36·76667 141·13333 Temperate Fagales 1999 0 % LAI
28 Kozlov and Berlina (2002) 60 Europe Lapland Biosphere Reserve 67·65 32·61667 Boreal Mixed 1931–1941, 1946–1952, 1957–1998 Start of LF
29 Kramer (1995) 9 Europe International Phenological Gardens NA NA Temperate Malpighiales 1955–1987 50 % LF
Malvales
Pinales
Fagales
30 Laurila et al. (2001) 2 Europe Petsikko 69·47 27·23 Boreal Fagales 1997–1998 Eddy covariance
31 Lebourgeois et al. (2010) 8 Europe 102 sites NA NA Temperate Pinales 1997–2006 10 % CC in 10 % of trees, 10 % CC in 90 % of trees
Fagales
32 Lee et al. (2003) 88 North America Harvard Forest 42·53 –72·18 Temperate Fagales 1991–1999 50 % LF
Cornales
Lamiales
Fagales
Sapindales
Rosales
33 Nagai et al. (2011) 9 Asia Takayama 36·1466 137·423 Temperate Fagales 2005–2007 0 % LAI
Sapindales
34 Nakamura et al. (2010) 1 Asia Tomakomai Experimental Forest 42·667 141·6 Temperate Fagales 2008 80 % LF
35 Nicolai (2010) 8 Europe Marburg, Hesse 50·816667 8·6 Temperate Fabales 2002–2009 Start of LF
36 Niinemets and Tamm (2005) 6 Europe Karkna 58·46667 26·633333 Temperate Sapindales 1997 50 % LF, 80 % LF
Fagales
Malpighiales
37 Norby et al. (2003) 4 North America Oak Ridge 35·9 –84·333333 Temperate Sapindales 1995–1996 50 % LF
38 Parker and Tibbs (2004) 11 North America Anapolis, MD 38·883333 –76·55 Temperate Fagales 1994 50 % LF
Cornales
Fagales
Saxifragales
Magnoliales
39 Pataki and Oren (2003) 6 North America Duke Forest 36·017 –79·982 Temperate Fagales 1997 50 % LF, 100 % LF
Saxifragales
Magnoliales
40 Pellis et al. (2004) 50 Europe Antwerp 51·083 4·366 Temperate Malpighiales 1996–1998, 2001 100 % LF, plateau PAR ratio
41 Richardson et al. (2009) 1 North America Bartlett Experimental Forest 44·064 –71·288 Temperate Mixed 2007 Photo ‘greenness’ index, peak red colour
42 Rolshausen and Schaefer (2007) 2 Europe Freiberg 48 8 Temperate Rosales 2004 Peak CC
43 Schaberg et al. (2003) 1 North America USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station 44·5 –73·2 Temperate Sapindales 1999 50 % green, 50 % yellow, 0 % green
44 Schreiber et al. (2013) 4 North America Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries – –113 Temperate Malpighiales 2010 More yellow than green leaves
45 Sonnentag et al. (2012) 1 North America Harvard Forest 42·5 –72·2 Temperate Mixed 2010 100 % LF, 50 % green, 0 % green
46 Soolanayakana-hally et al. (2013) 2 North America Vancouver 49·26 –123·25 Temperate Malpighiales 2009 100 % LF, 50 % yellow
Indian Head, Saskatchewan
47 Soudani et al. (2012) 9 Europe Fontainebleau 48 2 Temperate Fagales 2005–2009** NDVI
Hesse 48 7
Fougeres 48 1
48 Tartachnyk and Blanke (2001) 3 Europe Bonn 50·733 7·0833 Temperate Rosales 1997–1999 90 % LF
49 Tateno et al. (2005) 48 Asia Ashui Forest Research Station 35·3 135·72 Temperate Cornales 2001 10 % LF
Ericales
Sapindales
Aquifoliales
Apiales
mixed
Fagales
Rosales
Lamiales
Magnoliales
Laurales
50 Uddling et al. (2005) 2 Europe Ostad Field Station 57·9 12·4 Temperate Fagales 1997–1998 100 % LF
51 Vitasse et al. (2009) 103 Europe Pyrenees 46 6 Temperate Fagales 2005–2007 50 % CC or LF
Lamiales
Sapindales
52 Waddell et al. (2001) 3 North America Sesquicentennial State Park (high elevation) 34·091 –80·907 Temperate Fagales 1994 50 % LF
Sesquicentennial State Park (low elevation) 34·091 –80·907
Clemson University 34·132 –80·869
53 Wang et al. (1992) 23 North America Mont St. Hilaire Nursery 45·533 –73·133 Temperate Fagales 1988–1989* 50 % LF
Lamiales
Malvales
Rosales
Malpighiales
Sapindales
54 White et al. (1997) 2 North America Hubbard Brook 43·933 –71·67 Temperate Mixed 1991–1992 NDVI
55 Zhang et al. (2011) 4 North America Harvard Forest 42·533 –72·183 Temperate Mixed 2001–2004 50 % LF, 50 % colour change
56 Zhao et al. (2006) 71 Asia Henan Meteorological Bureau sites NA NA Temperate Malpighiales 1986–2003 100 % LF
Fabales
Sapindales

CC, colour change, LAI, leaf area index; LF, leaf fall; PAR, photosynthetically acive radiation; NA, not available; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index.