Table 1.

Primary outcomes and effect sizes

Primary outcome	Experimental mean change	Sham control Mean change	Pooled standard deviation	Effect size (d)	Sample required (total cohort)
HOMA2-IR	−0.6	0	0.8	0.75	52
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	−13.1	0	18.6	0.70	78

Sample size estimates were driven by hypothesized differences between the experimental and control participants in the primary outcomes of the trial: insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis, as measured using HOMA2-IR and HbA1c respectively. Effect sizes were calculated based on an average of published studies of PRT in diabetes/obesity [6, 26].

HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, HOMA2-IR homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance 2