. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Nov 10.

Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2012 Aug;104(3):515–528. doi: 10.1037/a0027182

Table 3.

Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses of Reader Characteristics on Reading Comprehension by Text Type

Model and Variables	Text Type
	Narrative		Expository		Functional
	Δ R²	β	Δ R²	β	Δ R²	β
1. Age + Word Level	.218^***		.301^***		.202^***
Age		−.085		−.076		.136
TOWRE		.447^***		.532^***		.448^***
2. + Basic Language	.180^***		.097^***		.155^***
PPVT		.401^***		.261^**		.436^***
TOLD		.144		.145		.044
3. + Inferential Lang.	.018		.038^**		.011
TLC		.147		.215^**		.115
4. + Planning/Org.	.002		.050^***		.016
D-KEFS		.046		.242^***		.136
Total R²	.417^***		.486^***		.383^***

Note: TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Sight Word Efficiency, Standard Score; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – 3^rd Edition – Standard Score; TOLD = Test of Language Development – Grammatic Comprehension – Scaled Score; TLC = Test of Language Competence Listening Comprehension: Making Inferences – Scaled Score; D-KEFS = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function – Tower Test, Total Achievement – Scaled Score.

p ≤ .05.

^**

p ≤ .01.

^***

p ≤ .001.