Distribution of ndhF-rpl32 haplotypes and haplotype network. The sizes of the circles and pie charts are proportional to the number of individuals sampled (N) for both distribution maps and haplotype network. In the haplotype network, numbered and colored circles represent shared haplotypes and squares denote unique haplotypes. Thicker lined circles and squares (cp-1 to cp-19) are haplotypes found in Taiwan. The distributions of haplotypes in Taiwan (and its offshore islands) and the Hawaii islands are shown in enlarged maps. The map of Taiwan is demarcated by the seven major climatic regions of the island (36), with areas above 2,000 m shown in gray. Detailed distributions of haplotypes in Fujian (FJ) and Guangdong (GD) are shown in Fig. S2. Voucher information for herbarium collections of Oceania is shown as collector number (year; Herbarium). BJ, Beijing; CB, Cambodia; CV, central Vietnam; FJ, Fujian; GD, Guangdong; GI, Green Island; GS, Gansu; GX, Guangxi; HA, Hainan; HN, Henan; JL, Jilin; LY, Lanyu; NV, northern Vietnam; PH, Penghu; RK, Ryukyus; SC, Sichuan; SD, Shandong; SH, Shanghai; SV, southern Vietnam; SX, Shanxi; TH, Thailand; TK, Tokyo; YN, Yunnan; ZJ, Zhejiang.