Table 3.
Multivariable analyses of factors associated with an additional opioid prescription, disability, and pain after distal radius fracture surgery
| Second opioid prescription | Odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) | Standard error | P value | Partial pseudo R 2 | Pseudo R 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 2.2 (1.0–4.6) | 0.83 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.12 |
| ASA classificationa | |||||
| 1 | Reference value | ||||
| 2 | 1.1 (0.50–2.4) | 0.43 | 0.83 | ||
| 3 | 3.0 (0.72–12) | 2.1 | 0.13 | ||
| Oral morphine equianalgesia within 90 days prior to injury | 1.0004 (0.9995–1.001) | 0.00048 | 0.35 | ||
| Oral morphine equianalgesia between injury and surgery | 1.0008 (0.9992–1.002) | 0.00077 | 0.33 | ||
| Ulna fracture | 2.1 (0.94–4.5) | 0.82 | 0.072 | ||
| Volar tilt after injurya | 0.98 (0.96–1.0) | 0.010 | 0.040 | 0.033 | |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | 1.02 (0.97–1.1) | 0.027 | 0.47 | ||
| DASH score | β regression coefficient (95 % confidence interval) | Standard error | P value | Partial R 2 | Adjusted R 2 |
| Smokinga | 2.4 (−6.2–11) | 4.4 | 0.58 | 0.33 | |
| ASA classificationa | |||||
| 1 | Reference value | ||||
| 2 | 5.6 (0.57–11) | 2.6 | 0.029 | 0.014 | |
| 3 | 2.0 (−9.6–14) | 5.9 | 0.74 | ||
| Surgeon | |||||
| A | Reference value | ||||
| B | −4.9 (−13–2.8) | 3.9 | 0.21 | ||
| C | −5.8 (−15–3.1) | 4.5 | 0.20 | ||
| Other | 5.7 (−2.3–14) | 4.1 | 0.16 | ||
| Oxycodone | −5.4 (−12–1.6) | 3.6 | 0.13 | ||
| Propoxyphene | 9.2 (−7.4–26) | 8.4 | 0.28 | ||
| Injury to dominant side | 8.8 (4.1–13) | 2.4 | <0.001 | 0.048 | |
| Ulnar variance after surgerya | −0.73 (−1.5–0.065) | 0.40 | 0.072 | ||
| Pain catastrophizing scale | 1.1 (0.78–1.5) | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.14 | |
| Pain intensity | |||||
| Smokinga | 0.26 (−1.0–1.5) | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.17 | |
| ASA classificationa | |||||
| 1 | Reference value | ||||
| 2 | 0.78 (0.068–1.5) | 0.36 | 0.032 | 0.014 | |
| 3 | 0.47 (−1.1–2.1) | 0.80 | 0.56 | ||
| Oral morphine equianalgesia (mg) | |||||
| Prior to injury | 0.00026 (−6.88*10−6–0.00053) | 0.00014 | 0.056 | ||
| Between injury and surgery | 0.00067 (−0.00089–0.0022) | 0.00079 | 0.40 | ||
| Propoxyphene | 2.2 (−0.20–4.7) | 1.2 | 0.071 | ||
| Carpal tunnel release during ORIF | 0.91 (0.046–1.8) | 0.44 | 0.039 | 0.015 | |
| Volar tilt after surgerya | −0.042 (−0.084– − 0.0011) | 0.021 | 0.044 | 0.014 | |
| Pain catastrophizing scale | 0.12 (0.060–0.17) | 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.073 | |
Values set in italics indicate statistically significant difference
ASA American Society for Anesthesiologists, DASH Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, ORIF Open Reduction and Internal Fixation
aMissing values are imputed using multiple linear imputation (number of imputations set to 40): 15 smoking status, 4 ASA classification, 56 volar tilt after injury, 3 ulnar variance after surgery, 2 volar tilt after surgery, 6 pain scores, and 20 DASH scores. Pseudo and adjusted R 2 are the average of the 40 imputed sets