Figure 3.

Effects of GV1001 on LPS-induced TNF-α and p-ERK production in hDPCs. 0.75, 1.5, and 7.5 μM GV1001 were added to hDPSCs treated with 1 μg mL⁻¹ of E. coli LPS or 20 μg mL⁻¹ of P. gingivalis LPS for 10 hrs. RT-PCR and Western blot revealed downregulation of (a) TNF-α and (b) phosphorylated ERK, respectively, after exposure of cells incubated with GV1001 and 1 μg mL⁻¹ of E. coli LPS or 20 μg mL⁻¹ of P. gingivalis LPS. Each value indicates the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. # indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05) relative to cells treated with LPS in the presence of GV1001.