Table 4. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for kidney cancer with regards to diabetes status.
| Variables | Interpretation | n / N | Diabetes mellitus | n / N | Non-diabetes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | ||||
| N = 115650 | N = 883053 | ||||||||
| Age | Every 1-year increment | 485 / 998703 | 1.1 | (1.0–1.1) | <0.01 | 435 / 410976 | 1.1 | (1.0–1.1) | <0.01 |
| Sex | Men vs. Women | 85 / 52398; 108 / 63252 | 0.9 | (0.7–1.2) | 0.50 | 153 / 442716; 139 / 440337 | 1.1 | (0.9–1.4) | 0.52 |
| Diabetes duration | Every 1-year increment | 485 / 998703 | 1.0 | (1.0–1.1) | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Hypertension | Yes vs. No | 133 / 66228; 60 / 49422 | 1.0 | (0.6–1.5) | 0.92 | 117 / 97351; 175 / 785702 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | 0.98 |
| COPD | Yes vs. No | 94 / 50371; 99 / 65279 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.2) | 0.36 | 92 / 202392; 200 / 680661 | 0.8 | (0.6–1.1) | 0.13 |
| Stroke | Yes vs. No | 56 / 26555; 137 / 89095 | 0.8 | (0.6–1.1) | 0.17 | 40 / 34309; 252 / 848744 | 0.8 | (0.5–1.1) | 0.22 |
| Nephropathy | Yes vs. No | 74 / 24008; 119 / 91642 | 1.6 | (1.1–2.2) | 0.01 | 86 / 36230; 206 / 846823 | 3.5 | (2.6–4.7) | <0.01 |
| End-stage renal disease | Yes vs. No | 20 / 1798; 173 / 113852 | 6.1 | (3.6–10.6) | <0.01 | 22 / 1310; 270 / 881743 | 8.3 | (5.0–13.7) | <0.01 |
| Ischemic heart disease | Yes vs. No | 89 / 40501; 104 / 75149 | 1.1 | (0.8–1.5) | 0.69 | 69 / 54244; 223 / 828809 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.4) | 0.93 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | Yes vs. No | 37 / 18339; 156 / 97311 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.2) | 0.40 | 26 / 23621; 266 / 859432 | 1.0 | (0.6–1.5) | 0.84 |
| Eye disease | Yes vs. No | 24 / 11791; 169 / 103859 | 1.0 | (0.6–1.6) | 0.84 | 0 / 2513; 292 / 880540 | - | - | - |
| Obesity | Yes vs. No | 5 / 2932; 188 / 112718 | 1.8 | (0.7–4.3) | 0.22 | 3 / 5574; 289 / 877479 | 1.5 | (0.5–4.6) | 0.51 |
| Dyslipidemia | Yes vs. No | 100 / 59231; 93 / 56419 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.4) | 0.96 | 65 / 65573; 227 / 817480 | 1.2 | (0.8–1.6) | 0.39 |
| Tobacco abuse | Yes vs. No | 1 / 1109; 192 / 114541 | 0.7 | (0.1–5.2) | 0.74 | 0 / 4512; 292 / 878541 | - | - | - |
| Alcohol-related diagnoses | Yes vs. No | 7 / 4313; 186 / 111337 | 1.3 | (0.6–2.8) | 0.48 | 8 / 10950; 284 / 872103 | 1.5 | (0.7–3.0) | 0.29 |
| Statin | Yes vs. No | 50 / 28803; 143 / 86847 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | 0.73 | 27 / 21105; 265 / 861948 | 0.9 | (0.5–1.4) | 0.55 |
| Fibrate | Yes vs. No | 40 / 24126; 153 / 91524 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.3) | 0.63 | 24 / 18257; 268 / 864796 | 1.2 | (0.7–1.9) | 0.52 |
| ACEI/ARB | Yes vs. No | 104 / 51319; 89 / 64331 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | 0.71 | 85 / 61855; 207 / 821198 | 1.1 | (0.8–1.6) | 0.65 |
| Calcium channel blocker | Yes vs. No | 102 / 51431; 91 / 64219 | 0.7 | (0.5–1.1) | 0.11 | 91 / 72953; 201 / 810100 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.4) | 0.82 |
| Sulfonylurea/metformin | Yes vs. No | 89 / 53708; 104 / 61942 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.4) | 0.99 | - | - | - | - |
| Insulin | Yes vs. No | 19 / 10350; 174 / 105300 | 0.7 | (0.4–1.3) | 0.26 | - | - | - | - |
| Acarbose | Yes vs. No | 9 / 8909; 184 / 106741 | 0.6 | (0.3–1.2) | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Pioglitazone | Yes vs. No | 3 / 2874; 190 / 112776 | 0.8 | (0.2–2.5) | 0.65 | - | - | - | - |
| Rosiglitazone | Yes vs. No | 10 / 8313; 183 / 107337 | 0.8 | (0.4–1.6) | 0.48 | - | - | - | - |
| Living region | Northern vs. Taipei | 18 / 14304; 63 / 39518 | 0.8 | (0.5–1.3) | 0.34 | 23 / 128587; 134 / 321410 | 0.5 | (0.3–0.7) | <0.01 |
| Central vs. Taipei | 31 / 19634; 63 / 39518 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.6) | 0.84 | 45 / 163711; 134 / 321410 | 0.7 | (0.5–0.9) | 0.02 | |
| Southern vs. Taipei | 42 / 19872; 63 / 39518 | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | 0.14 | 42 / 119860; 134 / 321410 | 0.8 | (0.5–1.1) | 0.17 | |
| Kao-Ping/Eastern vs. Taipei | 39 / 22322; 63 / 39518 | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | 0.45 | 48 / 149485; 134 / 321410 | 0.7 | (0.5–1.0) | 0.03 | |
| Occupation | II vs. I | 29 / 21675; 64 / 43904 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.5) | 0.81 | 58 / 144075; 125 / 484736 | 1.2 | (0.9–1.6) | 0.30 |
| III vs. I | 51 / 26271; 64 / 43904 | 0.8 | (0.5–1.1) | 0.18 | 57 / 113975; 125 / 484736 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.3) | 0.55 | |
| IV vs. I | 49 / 23800; 64 / 43904 | 0.9 | (0.6–1.3) | 0.60 | 52 / 140267; 125 / 484736 | 0.8 | (0.6–1.1) | 0.15 | |
n: case number of kidney cancer, N: case number observed
OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker
Refer to Materials and Methods for the categories of occupation