Table 1. Sugar, macronutrient intakes and % contribution of main sources of sugar for children aged 1–8 years by geotype.
| Nutrient | 1–8 years | 1–3 years | 4–8 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA | SA Urban | SA Rural | SA Urban | SA Rural | SA Urban | SA Rural | |
| Number (weighted n) | 2818 (2200) | 1390 (1218) | 1428 (982) | 664 (445) | 644 (350) | 726 (773) | 784 (632) |
| Energy (kJ) Mean | 5047.7 | 5220.0 | 4834.0 ### | 4388.8 | 4092.4 && | 5699.3 | 5244.5 $$ |
| Energy (kJ) 95% CI * | 4928–5166 | 5036–5404 | 4697–4971 | 4193–4585 | 3923–4261 | 5477–5922 | 5049–5440 |
| Protein (g) Mean | 37.3 | 39.9 | 34.0 ### | 32.7 | 28.9 &&& | 44.0 | 36.8 $$$ |
| Protein (g) 95% CI | 36.2–38.4 | 38.3–41.5 | 32.6–35.5 | 31.0–34.4 | 27.6–30.3 | 42.1–45.9 | 34.9–38.8 |
| Fat (g) Mean | 30.0 | 35.3 | 23.3 ### | 29.0 | 21.5 &&& | 39.0 | 24.4 $$$ |
| Fat (g) 95% CI | 28.7–31.2 | 33.2–37.4 | 22.1–24.6 | 27.0–31.0 | 20.1–22.9 | 36.3–41.6 | 22.7–26.0 |
| Carbohydrate (g) Mean | 183.0 | 179.1 | 187.9 ## | 153.4 | 156.2 | 193.9 | 205.5 $$ |
| Carbohydrate (g) 95% CI | 179.1–186.9 | 173.4–184.8 | 182.9–192.9 | 146.6–160.3 | 149.5–162.9 | 187.2–200.7 | 198.3–212.7 |
| AS (g) Mean | 27.3 | 32.4 | 20.9 ### | 25.4 | 17.3 &&& | 36.5 | 22.9 $$$ |
| AS (g) 95% CI | 25.7–28.9 | 29.7–35.2 | 19.3–22.5 | 23.3–27.5 | 15.9–18.6 | 33.0–40.0 | 20.6–25.3 |
| Protein (%E) Mean | 12.3 | 12.7 | 11.8 ### | 12.4 | 11.7 && | 12.9 | 11.8 $$$ |
| Protein (%E) 95% CI | 12.1–12.5 | 12.5–13.0 | 11.5–12.0 | 12.0–12.7 | 11.4–12.1 | 12.7–13.2 | 11.4–12.1 |
| Fat (%E) Mean | 21.2 | 24.1 | 17.7 ### | 23.7 | 19.4 &&& | 24.3 | 16.8 $$$ |
| Fat (%E) 95% CI | 20.7–21.8 | 23.3–24.9 | 17.0–18.4 | 22.6–24.7 | 18.4–20.3 | 23.4–25.3 | 16.0–17.5 |
| CHO (%E) Mean | 65.8 | 62.4 | 70.1 ### | 63.2 | 68.5 &&& | 62.0 | 70.9 $$$ |
| CHO (%E) 95% CI | 65.3–66.4 | 61.6–63.3 | 69.3–70.8 | 62.1–64.4 | 67.3–69.6 | 61.0–63.0 | 70.1–71.8 |
| AS (%E) Mean | 9.1 | 10.3 | 7.5 ### | 9.8 | 7.5 &&& | 10.6 | 7.6 $$$ |
| AS (%E) 95% CI | 8.7–9.5 | 9.7–11.0 | 7.1–8.0 | 9.1–10.5 | 6.9–8.2 | 9.8–11.4 | 6.9–8.2 |
| % Consuming white sugar | 77.0 | 80.3 | 72.8 | 77.9 | 74.2 | 81.7 | 72.1 |
| White sugar % of Added Sugar intake | 60.1 | 51.0 | 77.7 | 56.2 | 82.8 | 48.9 | 75.5 |
| % Consuming Cool Drink Squash Type | 14.8 | 20.7 | 7.5 | 16.5 | 3.6 | 23.2 | 9.6 |
| Cool Drink Squash Type % AS intake | 10.4 | 12.7 | 6.1 | 10.6 | 3.1 | 13.5 | 7.3 |
| % Consuming Cool Drink Carbonated | 5.3 | 8.2 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 10.2 | 1.6 |
| Cool Drink Carbonated % AS intake | 6.0 | 8.2 | 1.7 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 9.9 | 1.4 |
| WS+CDC+CDS % AS intake | 76.5 | 71.9 | 85.5 | 70.9 | 88.2 | 72.3 | 84.2 |
* 95% CI = 95% Confidence Intervals: LCI = Lower confidence interval; UCI = Upper confidence interval
###Significant difference between urban and rural values, t-test p<0.0001
##Significant difference between urban and rural values, t-test p<0.01
&&&Significant difference between urban and rural values, age 1–3 years, t-test p<0.0001
&&Significant difference between urban and rural values, age 1–3 years, t-test p<0.01
$$$Significant difference between urban and rural values, age 4–8 years, t-test p<0.0001
$$Significant difference between urban and rural values, age 4–8 years, t-test p<0.01
CHO = carbohydrate; WS = White sugar; AS = Added sugar; CDC = Cool drink, carbonated; CDS = Cool drink, squash type