Table 4. Mean dietary intake (24-hr recall) of South African children aged 1–3 and 4–8 years old according to quartiles of added sugar intake as a percentage of energy (%EAS).
| 1–3 years | 4–8 years | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sugar quartile | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4, | Q1, | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
| 1–3 years | 4–8 years | |||||||
| Number (weighted n) | 322 (199) | 317 (199) | 330 (199) | 339 (198) | 387 (351) | 370 (352) | 377 (351) | 376 (351) |
| Added Sugar (g) Mean | 2.9 [D] | 14.1 [C] | 25.2 [B] | 45.2 [A] | 5.8 [D] | 20.0 [C] | 33.6 [B] | 62.1 [A] |
| Added Sugar (g) 95% CI # | 2.4–3.3 | 13.3–14.9 | 23.8–26.5 | 42.5–47.9 | 4.9–6.8 | 19.2–20.8 | 31.8–35.5 | 57.5–66.8 |
| Added Sugar (%E) Mean | 1.0 [D] | 5.4 [C] | 9.8 [B] | 19.2 [A] | 1.5 [D] | 6.0 [C] | 10.1 [B] | 19.3 [A] |
| Added Sugar (%E) 95% CI | 0.8–1.1 | 5.2–5.5 | 9.6–10.0 | 18.2–20.1 | 1.3–1.8 | 5.8–6.1 | 9.9–10.3 | 18.5–20.1 |
| Cereals,roots & tubers: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 571 | 509 | 473 | 404 | 706 | 631 | 539 | 417 |
| Consumers % sample | 98 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 98 | 100 | 100 | 99 |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 582 [A] | 512 [B] | 473 [B] | 406 [C] | 709 [A] | 631 [B] | 541 [C] | 417 [D] |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 541–623 | 476–547 | 442–503 | 378–434 | 666–751 | 594–669 | 510–572 | 384–449 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 500 | 485 | 430 | 360 | 630 | 585 | 515 | 370 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 340–750 | 314–670 | 284–615 | 245–515 | 400–900 | 400–785 | 340–680 | 245–555 |
| Vitamin A-rich fruit&veg: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 36 | 26 | 21 | 27 | 42 | 23 | 31 | 25 |
| Consumers % sample | 25 | 25 | 19 | 25 | 30 | 18 | 23 | 22** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 144 | 107 | 109 | 106 | 141 | 126 | 135 | 111 |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 111–177 | 91–122 | 84–133 | 86–127 | 122–160 | 100–151 | 110–159 | 90–133 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 105 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 105 | 90 | 100 | 85 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 80–190 | 50–120 | 45–120 | 45–125 | 85–175 | 80–160 | 80–160 | 50–105 |
| Other fruit: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 30 | 38 | 60 | 64 | 46 | 42 | 61 | 84 |
| Consumers % sample | 13 | 17 | 27 | 30** | 15 | 19 | 21 | 34*** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 223 | 220 | 221 | 216 | 300 | 219 | 284 | 250 |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 174–271 | 171–268 | 192–250 | 172–261 | 194–406 | 190–249 | 237–331 | 209–291 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 165 | 150 | 195 | 150 | 200 | 200 | 220 | 180 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 125–275 | 75–250 | 135–320 | 75–300 | 150–270 | 150–275 | 150–400 | 150–330 |
| Other vegetables: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 19 | 27 | 26 | 23 | 41 | 29 | 35 | 29 |
| Consumers % sample | 20 | 33 | 33 | 29* | 33 | 28 | 33 | 34 |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 98 | 83 | 80 | 77 | 126 [A] | 102 [A][B] | 108 [A][B] | 85 [B] |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 71–125 | 72–94 | 70–89 | 66–88 | 103–149 | 88–117 | 89–128 | 72–97 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 75 | 70 | 70 | 65 | 85 | 85 | 75 | 75 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 38–115 | 40–110 | 40–105 | 45–90 | 60–160 | 55–140 | 60–120 | 45–105 |
| Legumes and nuts: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 18 | 28 | 17 | 13 | 33 | 30 | 20 | 10 |
| Consumers % sample | 15 | 22 | 20 | 16 | 18 | 24 | 20 | 20 |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 118 | 126 | 84 | 79 | 177 [A] | 125 [B] | 102 [B][C] | 51 [C] |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 87–148 | 95–157 | 58–111 | 52–105 | 134–220 | 93–156 | 76–127 | 36–65 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 120 | 120 | 50 | 50 | 125 | 85 | 50 | 20 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 30–135 | 17–180 | 10–120 | 10–120 | 85–240 | 12–200 | 10–170 | 10–85 |
| Fats and oils: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 3 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 |
| Consumers % sample | 20 | 31 | 35 | 40** | 23 | 44 | 43 | 52*** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 13 [A][B] | 9 [B] | 16 [A] | 13 [A][B] | 21 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 9–16 | 8–11 | 11–20 | 11–15 | 15–28 | 13–20 | 15–19 | 15–20 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 10 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 10 | 14 | 14 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 5–17 | 5–10 | 5–15 | 5–15 | 7–21 | 7–20 | 7–20 | 7–21 |
| Meat, poultry and fish: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 36 | 48 | 45 | 48 | 56 | 71 | 75 | 68 |
| Consumers % sample | 36 | 50 | 52 | 55** | 50 | 58 | 60 | 61** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 100 | 95 | 86 | 88 | 113 | 121 | 125 | 111 |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 81–120 | 83–107 | 76–96 | 79–98 | 101–124 | 111–132 | 111–138 | 98–123 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 85 | 80 | 72 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 100 | 85 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 45–110 | 42–120 | 40–105 | 42–105 | 60–150 | 60–170 | 60–166 | 50–150 |
| Dairy: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 220 | 200 | 163 | 122 | 94 | 102 | 118 | 119 |
| Consumers % sample | 57 | 65 | 67 | 62 | 40 | 52 | 57 | 61*** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 386 [A] | 306 [B] | 241[B][C] | 197 [C] | 234 | 197 | 208 | 195 |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 326–446 | 267–345 | 207–276 | 171–223 | 188–281 | 166–229 | 175–240 | 165–225 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 250 | 250 | 180 | 145 | 165 | 145 | 155 | 135 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 125–520 | 120–430 | 80–310 | 60–310 | 80–305 | 45–260 | 68–250 | 50–273 |
| Eggs: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 7 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 10 |
| Consumers % sample | 9 | 14 | 17 | 13 | 8 | 15 | 17 | 14** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 73 | 71 | 68 | 65 | 83 | 81 | 76 | 71 |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 62–84 | 59–82 | 61–75 | 56–74 | 65–100 | 70–92 | 67–85 | 62–80 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 55 | 62 | 52 | 52 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 52–104 | 52–100 | 52–100 | 52–80 | 52–104 | 52–104 | 52–104 | 50–102 |
| White sugar: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 2 | 11 | 17 | 27 | 4 | 16 | 20 | 30 |
| Consumers % sample | 31 | 88 | 93 | 93*** | 37 | 92 | 91 | 89*** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 8 [D] | 12 [C] | 19 [B] | 28 [A] | 11 [C] | 17 [B] | 22 [B] | 34 [A] |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 7–8 | 12–13 | 18–20 | 27–30 | 11–12 | 17–18 | 21–24 | 30–38 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 12 | 18 | 18 | 24 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 6–12 | 9–12 | 12–24 | 18–36 | 9–12 | 12–18 | 12–30 | 18–36 |
| Cool drink, squash type: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | 1 | 9 | 30 | 70 | 6 | 20 | 70 | 128 |
| Consumers % sample | 1 | 6 | 13 | 24*** | 2 | 9 | 24 | 33*** |
| Portion size (g) Mean | 184 | 152 | 228 | 296 | 238 [B] | 219 [B] | 292 [A][B] | 390 [A] |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 97–272 | 109–196 | 201–254 | 255–338 | 132–345 | 191–246 | 263–322 | 345–434 |
| Portion size (g) Median | 125 | 125 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 330 |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 125–250 | 120–250 | 175–250 | 180–360 | 125–250 | 150–250 | 250–350 | 250–500 |
| Cool drink, carbonated: | ||||||||
| Per capita Mean (g) | - | 0 | 8 | 21 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 69 |
| Consumers % sample | 0 | 4 | 10*** | 0 | 0 | 6 | 19*** | |
| Portion size (g) Mean | - | 125 | 199 | 215 | 125 | 150 | 235 | 366 |
| Portion size (g) 95% CI | 125–125 | 165–233 | 182–248 | 125–125 | 150–150 | 187–284 | 303–430 | |
| Portion size (g) Median | 125 | 250 | 180 | 125 | 150 | 250 | 340 | |
| Portion size (g) Q1 –Q3 | 125–125 | 125–250 | 125–250 | 125–125 | 150–150 | 180–250 | 250–450 | |
#95% CI = 95% Confidence interval;
[A], [B], [C], [D]: Bonferroni, p<0.05. Values with different letters are significant differences between groups (%EAS quartile groups)
*Significant relationship between quartile groups of added sugar intake (%EAS) and whether or not food from the relevant food group / food item was consumed, Chi square p<0.05.
**Significant relationship between quartile groups of added sugar intake (%EAS) and whether or not food from the relevant food group / food item was consumed, Chi square p<0.01.
***Significant relationship between quartile groups of added sugar intake (%EAS) and whether or not food from the relevant food group / food item was consumed, Chi square p<0.0001.