Table 3. Nutrition.
| First author, year | Study design, intervention length, number of sites, baseline sample size | Control condition | Education material | Training | Reminders | Audit and feedback | Mentoring or support | Champion/s | Team meetings | Policy/procedure changes | Organizational restructure | Intervention description | Staff direct behavior outcomes | Staff indirect outcomes | Resident outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Westergren, 2009; 2010 | NRCT, variable duration, 65 sites, CG: 1084 res; IG1: 175 res; | Usual care | + | + | + | + | + | IG1 = policy document. | IG1 had some short and long term positive effects and IG2 had some positive short term effects on nutritional care. | No group by time differences between IG1, IG2 or CG on undernutrition risk and overweight. No change in the number of residents with low or high BMI in the CG, but a significant decrease in people with low BMI in IG2. There was a significant increase in residents with high BMI in the IG1. | |||||
| IG2: 467 res | + | + | + | + | + | IG2 = study circles. Study circles including kitchen and nursing staff met. Circles created a structured change plan. Study circle leader trained. | |||||||||
| Gaskill, 2009 | Cluster randomized RCT, 26 wks, 8 sites, IG: 134 res; CG: 145 res | posters | + | + | + | + | Train-the-trainer. Researchers trained nutrition coordinators for each facility; nutrition coordinators trained facility staff using supplied materials and were responsible with liaising with nursing, kitchen and domestic staff, and facilitating in-service sessions about the nutrition strategies. | Compared to CG, IG was more likely to receive high energy, high protein diet and less likely to have pureed meals or thickened fluids or require assistance feeding. No differences between groups over time on consultations with dietician or speech pathologist. | Compared to CG, IG were more likely to maintain or improve their nourishment rating. No significant differences on risk of being malnourished. |
NRCT, non-randomized controlled trial; RCT, randomized controlled trial; CG, control group; IG, intervention group; IG1, intervention group 1; IG2. Intervention group 2; wks, weeks; res, residents; BMI, Body Mass Index.