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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2015 Jun 1;33:8–15. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.05.001

Figure 1. Rhodopsins can be used as actuators and sensors in optogenetics.

Figure 1

Actuators transport ions across the membrane to activate or repress neuronal activity. ChRs transport positively charged ions into the cell, while proton-pumping rhodopsins (PPRs) move protons out of the cell. In the ideal case, engineered rhodopsin sensors emit light as fluorescence in the farred in a voltage-dependent fashion.