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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2015 Jun 1;33:8–15. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.05.001

Figure 3. Bifunctional constructs for all-optical electrophysiology.

Figure 3

Archer, an engineered Archaerhodopsin-3 variant, enables optical monitoring of voltage with red light, and perturbation of membrane potential with blue light (left) [8]. Alternatively, one rhodopsin can be used for sensing with red light, while an engineered ChR can be used for perturbing the membrane with blue light (right) [9].