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Opioid inactivation of calcium channels. Opioids act on opioid receptors (μ, κ, δ, and opioid receptor‐like receptor [ORL]) leading to the activation of G‐proteins and both direct and indirect closing of ion channels. Activated G‐proteins can directly close ion channels. Activated G‐proteins also inactive adenylate cyclase, which, when activated, opens ion channels.
