Table 1.
Study designs and characteristics of included subjects in published studies aiming to evaluate the effects of narghile use on periodontal health (clinical, radiological, and microbiological studies)
| First author | Baljoon (16) | Natto (17) | Natto (18) | Natto (19) | Natto (20) | Bibars (21) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Town (country) | Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) | Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) | Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) | Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) | Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) | Irbid (Jordan) |
| Study design | Cross-sectional Comparative |
Cross-sectional Comparative |
Cross-sectional Comparative |
Cross-sectional Comparative |
Cross-sectional Comparative |
Cross-sectional Comparative |
| Recruitment method | Announcements/newspaper | Announcements/newspaper | Announcements/newspaper | Announcements/newspaper | Announcements/newspaper | Flyers (cafés; restaurants and university campus) |
| Name of the smoking mode | Water-pipe | Water-pipe | Water-pipe | Water-pipe | Water-pipe | Waterpipe |
| Inclusion criteria | >20 teeth | ≥25 Y | >20 teeth | >20 teeth | >20 teeth | NR |
| Non-inclusion criteria | Pregnancy Unhealthy |
NR | Pregnancy Unhealthy |
Pregnancy Unhealthy |
Pregnancy Unhealthy | Chronic systemic diseases Endocrine or hematological pathologies Pregnancy Dental scaling within the last 6 months Orthodontic appliance |
| Exclusive-NS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Calculated sample size | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Number | 117 | 76 | 80 | 117 | 58 | 72 |
| Age (Y) | 39 (37–41)a
17–60b |
39.4c
25–70b |
17–60b
M: 38 (36–41)a‡ F: 39 (34–44)a‡ TS: 38.5c |
17–60b
M: 39 (37–41)a F: 38 (34–43)a |
39 (36–41)a | 27±9d* 18–60b |
| Number of years of smoking | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Type of tobacco | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Method of narghile-use quantification | RY | NR | RY | RY | NR | NW |
| Quantity of used tobacco | 57 (48–66)a RY 44%: <40 RY 56%: ≥40 RY |
NR | 36 (27–44)a RY 40%: <27 RY 60%: ≥27 RY |
57 (48–66)a RY 44%: <40 RY 56%: ≥40 RY |
NR | 3.4c NW |
| Last narghile (h) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Explorations | Clinical examination (four sites [buccal, mesial, distal, lingual] for all the teeth) Radiographic examination |
Clinical examination Radiographic examination | Clinical examination (four sites [buccal, mesial, distal, lingual] for all the teeth) |
Clinical examination (four sites [buccal, mesial, distal, lingual] for all the teeth) Radiographic examination |
Clinical examination Bacteriological study |
Clinical examination (four sites [buccal, mesial, distal, lingual] for 6 teeth) |
| Questionnaires | Standardized | Standardized | Standardized | Standardized | Standardized | Non-standardized |
| Comparison with active CS |
n=72 37 (35–39)a Y 230 (193–268)a CY 37 subjects: <170 CY 52 subjects: ≥170 CY |
n=49 36.7c Y 25–70b |
n=50 36.5c Y 210 (169–251)a CY |
n=72 M: 36 (34–38)a Y F: 38 (34–43)a Y 230 (193–268)a CY 37 subjects: <170 CY 52 subjects: ≥170 CY |
n=35 37 (34–40)a Y |
n=30 34±10d Y 14.1c CD |
| Comparison with healthy non-S | n=99 |
n=70 34.4c Y 25–70b |
n=78 33.2c |
n=99 M: 38 (35–41)a F: 35 (32–39)a |
n=80 40 (35–41)a Y |
n=38 32±11d Y |
| Comparison with MS |
n=67 33 (31–35)a Y 174 (141–207)a CY 24 (18–30)a RY |
n=49 38.1c Y 25–70b Y |
n=54 37.1c Y 1.91 (154–229)a CY 17 (10–6)a RY |
n=67 M: 33 (31–35)a Y F: 32 (28–37)a Y 174 (141–207)a CY 24 (18–30)a RY |
n=25 33 (30–37)a Y |
n=50 28±10d Y 1.9c NW 10.6c CD |
| Main results | VD prevalence and severity are greater in NS and CS than in non-S Similar associations of VD with narghile or cigarette smoking Narghile use exerts a negative impact on the periodontal bone | Gingival health is compromised by narghile use | Association between narghile use and PD manifestations | Narghile use is associated with PBH reduction | No major differences were observed between CS, NS, and non-S regarding the occurrence of PM | NS were significantly more likely to have PD |
CD, cigarette/day; CS, cigarette smokers; CY, cigarette-years; F, female; M, male; NS, narghile smokers; non-S, non-smokers; NR, not reported; NW, narghile/week; PBH, periodontal bone height; PD, periodontal disease; PM, periodontal microflora; RY, run-years; VD, vertical defect; Y, years.
a
Data are mean (95% confidence interval);
b
data are range (minimum–maximum);
c
data are mean;
d
data are mean±SD.
Significant differences:
*
NS vs. CS;
‡
NS vs. MS. No significant difference was found between NS vs. non-S.