Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, echocardiographic measurements, and mean voltage of the left atrium
| Variable | Overall (n = 104) | PAF (n = 82) | PeAF (n = 22) | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 53.5 ± 12.1 | 54.3 ± 11.7 | 50.6 ± 13.5 | 0.252 |
| Sex, male:female | 79:25 | 61:21 | 18:4 | 0.469 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 2.7 | 24.8 ± 2.76 | 24.1 ± 2.50 | 0.306 |
| Diabetes | 11 (10.6) | 8 (9.8) | 3 (13.6) | 0.599 |
| Hypertension | 42 (40.4) | 33 (40.2) | 9 (40.9) | 0.955 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129.2 ± 16.8 | 129.5 ± 16.8 | 128.1 ± 17.1 | 0.741 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.6 ± 10.2 | 76.0 ± 9.9 | 74.0 ± 11.1 | 0.445 |
| Heart rate, beat/min | 65.9 ± 11.9 | 66.4 ± 11.0 | 64.3 ± 15.0 | 0.541 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 2.05 ± 3.69 | 1.79 ± 2.85 | 2.90 ± 5.65 | 0.447 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 173.5 ± 32.8 | 175.3 ± 33.8 | 167.0 ± 28.7 | 0.252 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 108 (73–159) | 116 (72–161) | 103 (75–136) | 0.566 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.1 ± 10.9 | 47.1 ± 10.9 | 47.1 ± 11.0 | 0.985 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 109.1 ± 28.4 | 111.1 ± 29.1 | 102.0 ± 25.0 | 0.156 |
| CHADS2 score | 0.71 ± 0.89 | 0.68 ± 0.89 | 0.82 ± 0.91 | 0.469 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 1.16 ± 1.12 | 1.16 ± 1.09 | 1.18 ± 1.26 | 0.901 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF, % | 65.4 ± 7.7 | 65.8 ± 6.7 | 63.7 ± 10.8 | 0.376 |
| LA dimension, mm | 40.4 ± 5.8 | 40.2 ± 5.8 | 41.3 ± 6.0 | 0.452 |
| LAVmax, mL | 69.1 ± 19.6 | 66.8 ± 18.4 | 77.8 ± 21.8 | 0.039 |
| LAVOAE, mL | 51.8 ± 18.2 | 50.2 ± 17.5 | 57.5 ± 20.0 | 0.135 |
| LAVmin, mL | 38.7 ± 15.3 | 37.2 ± 14.8 | 44.4 ± 16.0 | 0.064 |
| LAEFtotal, % | 44.7 ± 9.7 | 45.1 ± 9.3 | 43.4 ± 11.0 | 0.530 |
| LAEFpassive, % | 26.0 ± 10.0 | 25.7 ± 10.4 | 26.9 ± 8.9 | 0.617 |
| LAEFactive, % | 26.0 ± 9.1 | 26.4 ± 9.5 | 24.6 ± 7.5 | 0.355 |
| IAS thickness, mm | 11.26 ± 2.02 | 11.07 ± 1.93 | 11.95 ± 2.21 | 0.068 |
| Mean LAVOL, mV | 2.34 ± 1.05 | 2.45 ± 1.08 | 1.95 ± 0.84 | 0.024 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
PAF, paroxysmal atrial f ibrillation; PeAF, persistent atrial f ibrillation; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LA, left atrium; LAVmax, maximal left atrial volume; LAVOAE, left atrial volume at the onset of atrial emptying; LAVmin, minimal left atrial volume; LAEFtotal, total left atrial emptying fraction; LAEFpassive, passive left atrial emptying fraction; LAEFactive, active left atrial emptying fraction; IAS, interatrial septum; LAVOL, left atrial voltage.
p value between paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation groups.