Figure 8.

Human lung tissue immunostaining demonstrates increased Th2 signaling. Immunostaining for the type 2 signaling molecules IL-13, IL-4Rα, phospho–signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (STAT6), and periostin in lung tissue of patients with Schistosoma–pulmonary arterial hypertension (Schisto-PAH) and connective tissue disease–associated PAH (APAH) compared with normal control subjects. Semiquantitative analysis is reported in Table E6. The images are representative of n = 5–11/group; arrows indicate representative positive vascular staining; scale bar, 100 μm.