Table 3.
Characteristics of two training groups in the pre-training assessment in Study 2.
| Measurement | Group A (n = 17) M (SD) | Group B (n = 15) M (SD) | Significance (U Mann–Whitney test) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects data | ||||
| Age (years) | 6.2 (1) | 5.9 (0.7) | Z = 0.370; ns. | |
| IQ | 102.9 (30) | 113.1 (16.9) | Z = 0.313; ns. | |
| Language development TAGLS (stens) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.3) | Z = 0.186; ns. | |
| Assessment | ||||
| TIP | ATOT (ms) | 196 (6) | 211 (76) | Z = -0.672; ns. |
| Language | Token Test-36 (% of errors) | 52.9 (25.2) | 59.8 (21.1) | Z = -0.892; ns. |
| PDPseudo (% of errors) | 34.3 (13.6) | 32.3 (12.4) | Z = -0.546; ns. | |
| PDWords (% of errors) | 18.9 (13) | 21 (14.1) | Z = -0.379; ns. | |
| SSC (% of errors) | 34.6 (28.7) | 33.3 (24.3) | Z = -0.076; ns. | |
| COWAT (number of words) | 9.6 (5.6) | 7.1 (3.5) | Z = -1.404; ns. | |
| Other cognitive functions | ||||
| Working memory | SSP (numbers of errors) | 9.4 (2.5) | 12.3 (6) | Z = -0.022; ns. |
| Digit Span (total score) | 1.7 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.6) | Z = -1.158; ns. | |
| VWM (total score) | 6 (2) | 5.3 (1.6) | Z = -0.835; ns. | |
| Attention | Alertness (RT in ms) | 438 (155) | 481 (161) | Z = -1.322; ns. |
| Mazes (total score) | 20.4 (6.9) | 17.5 (6.0) | Z = -1.331; ns. | |
| Executive functions | TOLDX (total move score) | 55.6 (19.7) | 64.8 (16.9) | Z = -1.559; ns. |
TAGLS, Test for Assessment of Global Language Skills; PDPseudo, Phoneme Discrimination for Pseudowords; PDWords, Phoneme Discrimination for Words; SSC, Syntactic Structure Comprehension; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Assessment Test; SSP, Spatial Span; VWM, Verbal Working Memory, TOLDX, Tower of London Drexel University.