TABLE 2.
Characteristics of cohort studies investigating MDS, HEI, and DII and CRC risk identified in PubMed and published after 31 December 20081
| Reference | Location and study name | Sample size and follow-up information | Dietary assessment | Dietary index investigated | Results2 | Covariates included in model |
| Bamia et al. (2013) (22) | Europe, EPIC | 480,308 people (4355 cases); average of 11.6 y of follow-up | Center- specific FFQ; previous year | MMDS and CSMMDS | MMDS, HRHigh vs. Low3: 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.99) | Age at enrollment, sex, BMI, physical activity, educational level, smoking status at enrollment, and energy intake |
| CSMMDS, HRHigh vs. Low3: 0.92 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.00) | ||||||
| Fung et al. (2010) (23) | United States, NHS and HPFS | 87,256 women (1432 cases) 45,490 men (1032 cases); follow-up ≤26 y (average follow-up year not available) | FFQ (140 items) for HPFS FFQ (61 items in 1980 and 116 items since 1986) for NHS; previous year | Alternate Mediterranean Diet score | HRQn5 vs Qn13: 0.89 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.01) | Age, BMI, physical activity, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, family history, aspirin use, colonoscopy, history of polyps, multivitamin use, and energy intake |
| Jarvandi et al. (2013) (24) | United States, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | 484,020 people (7598 cases); average of 9.2 y of follow-up | FFQ (124 items); previous year | HEI-2005 | HRQr4 vs Qr13: 1.35 (95% CI: 1.26, 1.44) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, diabetes, educational level, BMI, physical activity, smoking, hormone replacement therapy in women, family history of colon cancer, vitamin and mineral supplements, and total energy |
| Reedy et al. (2010) (25) | United States, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | 492,306 people (3110 cases); 5 y of follow-up (average follow-up years not available) | FFQ (124 items); previous year | 1.HEI-2005 | HEI-2005, men, HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 0.72 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.83) Women, HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.98) | Age, ethnicity, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, energy, and menopausal hormone therapy (women only) |
| 2. AHEI | AHEI, men, HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.81) Women, HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.00) | |||||
| 3. MDS | MDS, men: HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 0.72 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.83) Women, HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 0.89 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.11) | |||||
| Shivappa et al. (2014) (26) | United States, Iowa Women’s Health Study | 34,703 women (1,636 cases); average of 19.6 y of follow-up | FFQ (121 items); previous year | DII | HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.43) | Age, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, hormone replacement therapy, education, diabetes, and total energy intake |
| Tabung et al. (2014) (27) | United States, Women’s Health Initiative | 152,536 women (1920 cases); average of 11.3 y of follow-up | FFQ (122 items); previous 3 mo | DII | HRQn5 vs. Qn1: 1.22 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.43) | Age, total energy intake, BMI, race/ethnicity, physical activity, educational level, smoking status, family history of CRC, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, history of colonoscopy, history of occult blood tests, NSAID use, category and duration of estrogen use, category and duration of estrogen and progesterone use, dietary modification trial arm, hormone therapy trial arm, and calcium and vitamin arm |
| Wirth et al. 2015 (28) | United States, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | 292,118 men and 197,324 women (6225 cases); mean follow-up of 9.1 y | FFQ (124 items); previous year | DII | HRQr4 vs. Qr13: 1.40 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.53) | Age, smoking status, BMI, diabetes, energy intake, physical activity, marital status, and education |
AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; CRC, colorectal cancer; CSMMDS, Center-Specific Modified Mediterranean Diet Score; DII, Dietary Inflammatory Index; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MDS, Mediterranean Diet Score; MMDS, Modified Mediterranean Diet Score; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NIH-AARP, NIH-American Association of Retired Persons; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SES, socioeconomic status; Qn, quintile; Qr, quartile.
HR estimates for studies in this table were calculated for CRC risk, comparing the highest diet score group with the lowest diet score group in the respective study, except for the study conducted by Jarvandi et al. (24), in which the reference group is the highest HEI-2005 score group. The lowest diet score group indicates the least compliance to the diet guideline for articles with MDS or HEI as exposure, or the most anti-inflammatory potential of diet for the articles with DII as exposure.
The estimated association is for overall study population, including both men and women.