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. 2015 Nov 13;6:987. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00987

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Copyright © 2015 Andolfo and Ercolano.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two different resistance directions are supposed to be activated in a multi-trophic interaction. Once a plant containing a R-gene (different green shades) comes in contact with biotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens, only an incompatible interaction will activate the plant resistance. In this scheme, the interaction spaces of plant resistance (green triangle) and of biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens (blue and red rectangles, respectively), are indicated. The intersections of interaction spaces identify three plant–pathogen interaction areas: two are pathogen lifestyle-related (small black triangles) and one is common (violet circle). The synergic effect of immunity activation and of pathogen lifestyle-dependent components result in plant immunity to biotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens.