Table 1.

Characteristics of trials by presence of English fluency requirements. Missing cells were not used for hypothesis testing/p-values.

	No English Language Restriction n (row%)	Requires English Fluency n (row%)	P-value
Number	9,574	737
Year Opened			P<0.001
Before 1995	105 (97.2%)	3 (2.8%)
1995–1999	462 (98.5%)	7 (1.5%)
2000–2004	1,717 (94.9%)	93 (5.1%)
2005–2009	4,184 (92.4%)	345 (7.6%)
2010 and later	2,821 (91.0%)	280 (9.0%)
Missing	285 (96.9%)	9 (3.1%)
Funding Agency			P<0.001
Industry	2,959 (98.2%)	53 (1.8%)
NIH	1,036 (93.9%)	67 (6.1%)
U.S. Federal Government	203 (86.8%)	31 (13.2%)
Combination of the above	2,695 (90.8%)	274 (9.2%)
Other	2,681 (89.6%)	312 (10.4%)
Study Type			P=0.006
Expanded Access	12 (100%)	0 (0%)
Interventional	7,909 (93.2%)	578 (6.8%)
Observational	1,637 (91.1%)	159 (8.9%)
Missing	16 (100%)	0 (0%)
Intervention			P<0.001
Behavioral	691 (71.6%)	274 (28.4%)
Biological	734 (99.6%)	3 (0.4%)
Device	626 (94.8%)	34 (5.2%)
Dietary Supplement	170 (95.5%)	8 (4.5%)
Drug	5,034 (96.4%)	186 (3.6%)
Genetic	51 (98.1%)	1 (1.9%)
Other	1,667 (90.0%)	186 (10.0%)
Procedure	522 (92.2%)	44 (7.8%)
Radiation	79 (98.8%)	1 (1.3%)
Phase			P<0.001
Phase 0	63 (86.3%)	10 (13.7%)
Phase 1	1,393 (96.2%)	55 (3.8%)
Phase 1 | Phase 2	477 (94.6%)	27 (5.4%)
Phase 2	2,243 (96.1%)	92 (3.9%)
Phase 2 | Phase 3	152 (95.6%)	14 (8.4%)
Phase 3	1,227 (95.3%)	60 (4.7%)
Phase 4	706 (92.8%)	55 (7.2%)
Other	3,313 (88.7%)	424 (11.4%)
Gender			P<0.001
Both	8,268 (93.0%)	618 (7.0%)
Female	892 (90.1%)	98 (9.9%)
Male	393 (94.9%)	21 (5.1%)
Missing	21 (100%)	0 (0%)
Region Opened			P<0.001
Midwest	1,324 (91.4%)	124 (8.6%)
Northeast	1,677 (89.3%)	200 (10.7%)
South	2,367 (92.8%)	184 (7.2%)
West	1,214 (90.3%)	130 (9.7%)
Multi-region	2,820 (96.7%)	95 (3.3%)
Missing	172 (97.7%)	4 (2.3%)