Table 1.

Characteristics of studies on technology-delivered HIV prevention interventions in adolescent and adult women in the United States (N=11)

Author, publication year	Population	Study design, sample size	Type of intervention	Intervention description	Results	Prevention focus
Phone- and mobile-based technology
DiClemente et al., 2014	14–18 y.o. African American (AA) adolescent females	RCT, N=701	Brief telephone- based counseling	Intervention: Prevention maintenance intervention (PMI) which involved brief, tailored telephone counseling every 8 weeks for 36 months Control: Telephone counseling involving general health promotion with same frequency and dose as the intervention arm	Intervention arm less likely to have incident chlamydial infection, reported higher proportion of condom-protected sex acts and fewer episodes of sex while high on drugs/alcohol compared with control arm.	Primary
Marhefka et al., 2014	18+ y.o. women with HIV	RCT, N=71	Video-group using videophones	Healthy Relationships Video-Group: a video-group adaptation of the evidence-based Healthy Relationships which involved six 2- hour sessions via videophones led by two facilitators located a different site Control: wait-list	At 6-month follow-up, no significant difference between arms in engaging in any vs. no unprotected protected sex. Among those who engaged in any unprotected sex in the previous 3 months, intervention arm had 6.89 fewer unprotected sex acts than the control arm.	Secondary
Barroso et al., 2014	18+ y.o. women with HIV	RCT, N=100	Video on MP4 player	Intervention: MP4 player with 45-minute video of vignettes about HIV+ women discussing how stigma has affected their lives and the ways in which they have coped with stigma. Participants were instructed to watch at least weekly for weeks 1–4 and as desired weeks 5–12. Control: MP4 player without no content loaded	At 90 days post-randomization, compared with the control arm, significant decreases in internalized stigma and improvements in self-esteem and coping self-efficacy were observed in the intervention arm.	Secondary
Jones et al., 2013	18–29 y.o. women	RCT, N=295	Videos streamed via smartphones	Love, sex, and Choices: 12-week soap opera video series delivered to study-provided smartphones; 15-to-20 minute episodes streamed weekly with plots that deal with characters in high risk relationship dilemmas demonstrating the process of changing risk behaviors Control: 12-weekly HIV prevention text messages delivered via smartphone	At 6 months post-intervention, video group had a significant decrease in condomless sex acts in past 3 months, from 21.33 at baseline to 5.92. However, no significant difference observed between the two study arms	Primary
Computer-based technology: Exclusively computer-delivered interventions
Klein et al., 2011	14–18 y.o, AA adolescent females	RCT, N=178	Computer-based	Multimedia SiHLE: Two1-hour computer- based sessions adapted from an evidence- based intervention. Intervention consisted of videos that simulate small group discussions as well as interactive activities such as role playing exercises games and quizzes. Control: 65-minute computer-delivered video on diet and nutrition	Pre-post change in mean proportion of condom protected vaginal intercourse acts in increased from 51% at baseline to 71% 3-month post-intervention (p=0.05) in intervention arm. No significant change was observed in control arm. No comparison of arms provided.	Primary
Klein et al., 2013	18–50 y.o. AA women with HIV	RCT, N=187	Computer-based	Multimedia WiLLOW: a computer- delivered adaptation of an existing evidence- based intervention. Two 1-hour modules included visual and audio presentations, videos of group discussions from traditional WiLLOW, and a tutorial for those with limited computer literacy. Control: Review of HIV educational brochures for persons living with HIV	Intervention arm reported higher proportion of condom protected sex acts in past 30 days and were more likely to report consistent condom use and have lower number of unprotected sex acts in the past 30 days compared with the control arm.	Secondary
Delaine, 2014	24–59 y.o. women, 56% White	Pre-post, N=25	Computer-based	Intervention: HIV/AIDS knowledge, HIV avoidance strategies, and condom application and negotiation skills delivered via laptop using animation, video vignettes, and interactive quizzes.	Significant improvements were noted in most knowledge and skills domains.	Primary
Computer-based technology: Mixed/hybrid computer-delivered interventions
Card et al., 2011 Wingood et al., 2011	18–29 y.o, AA women	RCT, N=135	Computer-based and face-to-face	SAHARA: Two 1-hour computer-based sessions adapted from the evidence-based SISTA. Intervention comprised of video clips of group discussions and modeling of self- protective behaviors, interactive modules included simulated role-playing and games and quizzes. Computer sessions followed by a brief 20-minute group wrap-up. Control: 1-hour group session consisting of general health information, brief video on HIV prevention, and discussion with a facilitator.	At 3-month post-intervention, intervention arm had greater HIV/STI prevention knowledge, condom self-efficacy, and a high percentage reported of condom protected sex acts (85.3% vs. 52.8%, p=0.03), and more consistent condom use (aOR=5.9, 95% CI=1.09–31.95) compared with the control arm.	Primary
El-Bassel et al., 2014	18+ y.o. and with criminal justice system involvement	RCT, N=306	Computer-based and face-to-face	Traditional WORTH: Comprised of four 1.5–2 hour sessions focused on HIV prevention psychoeducation and skills building occurring once a week for four weeks led by a facilitator Multimedia WORTH: Same schedule as the traditional version except content delivered in a group session via laptop computers with facilitator in a more limited role. Computer content included interactive computer games, video vignette, and a computerized and web- connected tool to identify needed services. Control: Attention-control wellness promotion intervention delivered in group setting	Over the 12-month follow-up period, both WORTH conditions were significantly more likely to have a higher proportion of condom protected sex acts and consistent condom use as compared with control. No significant difference noted in HIV/STI incidence between the two WORTH conditions and control condition.	Primary/ Secondary
Brown et al., 2011	18+ years women with HIV	RCT, N=60	Computer-based	Intervention: one 90-minute computer delivered-session adapted from an evidence- based stress management intervention for men who have sex with men. Modules included an overview of stress and associated symptoms, how to evaluate stressful situations, coping strategies, and relaxation training. Participants received a brief motivation session as well as a workbook and CD. Control: Wait list control	Stress management knowledge increased significantly in the intervention arm as compared with the control arm. However, no differences between arms were observed in other measures.	Secondary
Internet-based technology
Danielson et al, 2013	12–19 y.o. females,	Pre-post, N=41	Website	SiHLEWeb.com: Four 1-hour modules using video-based design to simulate group discussion and enable interactive activities with real-time feedback. Also included video peers, health educations, as well as a near peer.	63% of sample completed website. Among completers, significant improvements were noted in condom use-self-efficacy at 3- months postintervention. No changes were observed in partner communication, ethnic pride, and self-esteem	Primary