Table 3.
Correlates of Awareness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Status Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Persons Who Inject Drugs Across 27 Sites in India (n = 4052)a
| Correlate | MSM (n = 1146) |
PWID (n = 2906) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
|||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age (per 10 y) | 2.66 | 2.17–3.26 | 2.11 | 1.63–2.74 | 1.50 | 1.26–1.77 | 1.26 | 0.99–1.61 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | … | … | … | … | Reference | … | Reference | … |
| Female | … | … | … | … | 2.88 | 1.69–4.91 | 4.33 | 2.36–7.96 |
| Sexual identity | ||||||||
| Panthi (penetrative) | Reference | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Kothi (receptive) | 1.86 | 0.75–4.60 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Double-decker (both) | 0.86 | 0.26–2.89 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Gay/MSM | 1.03 | 0.25–4.22 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Bisexual | 0.92 | 0.30–2.86 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | Reference | … | Reference | … | Reference | … | … | … |
| Currently married or living with partner | 2.89 | 1.79–4.65 | 1.85 | 1.06–3.23 | 1.40 | 0.90–2.18 | … | … |
| Widowed, divorced, or long-term partner | 3.72 | 2.03–6.80 | 2.73 | 1.80–4.14 | 1.34 | 1.02–1.76 | … | … |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Primary school or less | Reference | … | … | … | Reference | … | Reference | … |
| Secondary school | 1.04 | 0.54–2.00 | … | … | 1.22 | 0.90–1.65 | 1.24 | 0.90–1.71 |
| High school graduate | 0.57 | 0.24–1.34 | … | … | 1.50 | 1.03–2.21 | 1.59 | 1.07–2.35 |
| Personal monthly income, $ | ||||||||
| <50 | Reference | … | … | Reference | … | Reference | … | |
| 50–115 | 0.59 | 0.32–1.09 | … | … | 0.57 | 0.40–0.80 | 0.66 | 0.47–0.93 |
| >115 | 0.46 | 0.23–0.85 | … | … | 0.69 | 0.47–1.01 | 0.73 | 0.50–1.07 |
| Homeless | 0.48 | 0.14–1.65 | … | … | 0.48 | 0.14–1.65 | … | … |
| Incarcerated in prior 6 mo | 0.54 | 0.18–1.60 | … | … | 0.50 | 0.26–0.97 | … | … |
| Ever injected drugs | 0.24 | 0.04–1.35 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Time since 1st injection (per 10 y) | … | … | … | … | 1.49 | 1.22–1.83 | 1.32 | 1.04–1.66 |
| Ever shared needle or syringe | 0.28 | 0.08–0.94 | … | … | 1.47 | 1.06–2.03 | 1.56 | 1.06–2.30 |
| Injection frequency in prior 6 mo | ||||||||
| None | Reference | … | … | … | Reference | … | Reference | … |
| Less than daily | 0.85 | 0.16–4.40 | … | … | 0.62 | 0.38–1.02 | 0.72 | 0.43–1.21 |
| Daily | 0.07 | 0.01–0.59 | … | … | 0.40 | 0.27–0.61 | 0.46 | 0.27–0.79 |
| Alcohol use (AUDIT) | ||||||||
| None or limited use | Reference | … | Reference | … | Reference | … | … | … |
| Harmful or hazardous use | 0.30 | 0.14–0.68 | 0.22 | 0.11–0.42 | 0.73 | 0.49–1.09 | … | … |
| Alcohol dependence | 0.14 | 0.06–0.35 | 0.09 | 0.03–0.30 | 0.60 | 0.30–1.19 | … | … |
| No. of lifetime sexual partners (per 10 partners) | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | … | … | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | … | … |
| Lifetime male sexual partners, No. | ||||||||
| 1–5 | Reference | … | Reference | … | … | … | … | … |
| 6–15 | 0.50 | 0.26–0.96 | 0.57 | 0.31–1.08 | … | … | … | … |
| 16–60 | 0.64 | 0.35–1.17 | 0.50 | 0.25–0.99 | … | … | … | … |
| 61–300 | 1.33 | 0.75–2.34 | 1.44 | 0.81–2.55 | … | … | … | … |
| ≥300 | 2.01 | 1.05–3.87 | 2.42 | 1.13–5.16 | … | … | … | … |
| Disclosed MSM to anyone | 1.50 | 0.94–2.38 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Lifetime history of sex work | 1.75 | 1.23–2.49 | … | … | 0.85 | 0.33–2.17 | … | … |
| Lifetime history of STI | 3.41 | 2.07–5.62 | 3.49 | 1.93–6.32 | … | … | … | … |
| Any history of tuberculosis diagnosis | 16.11 | 5.33–48.7 | 26.5 | 7.21–97.1 | 2.88 | 1.74–4.76 | 2.53 | 1.52–4.20 |
| Ever visited NEP | 0.24 | 0.04–1.36 | … | … | 1.08 | 0.69–1.69 | … | … |
| Ever visited OAT | 0.11 | 0.02–0.80 | … | … | 2.03 | 1.44–2.85 | 2.28 | 1.59–3.27 |
| Region (PWID) | ||||||||
| North/central India | … | … | … | … | Reference | … | … | … |
| Northeastern India | … | … | … | … | 5.62 | 1.69–18.7 | 2.99 | 0.97–9.17 |
| Region (MSM) | ||||||||
| Central/north | Reference | … | Reference | … | … | … | … | … |
| Karnataka | 3.09 | 0.41–23.1 | 4.40 | 0.40–48.70 | … | … | … | … |
| Tamil Nadu | 26.0 | 2.97–228.7 | 31.9 | 2.34–433.6 | … | … | … | … |
| Andhra Pradesh | 6.76 | 1.01–45.0 | 8.77 | 0.91–84.6 | … | … | … | … |
| No. of ICTCs in city (per 5 centers)b | 1.20 | 1.06–1.37 | 1.22 | 1.06–1.40 | 0.80 | 0.47–1.36 | … | … |
| No. of ART centers in city (per 1 center)b | 1.43 | 1.00–2.04 | 1.47 | 1.04–2.09 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.40 | … | … |
| No. of MSM-focused TIs in state (per 1 TI) | 0.98 | 0.90–1.06 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| % of TIs that were MSM focused (per 10%) | 0.93 | 0.30–2.85 | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| No. of PWID-focused TIs in state (per 1 TI) | … | … | … | … | 1.00 | 0.97–1.04 | … | … |
| % of TIs that were PWID-focused (per 10%) | … | … | … | … | 1.31 | 0.98–1.74 | … | … |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; CI, confidence interval; ICTCs, integrated counseling and testing centers; MSM, men who have sex with men; NEP, needle exchange program; OAT, opioid agonist therapy; OR, odds ratio; PWID, persons who inject drugs; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TIs, targeted intervention.
a Models incorporated scaled respondent-driven sampling (RDS) II weights; see Supplementary materials for unweighted model results.
b Separate multivariable models were constructed using these variables, given collinearity with the region variable.