Table I.

Resilience Resources and Mechanisms in Pediatric Chronic Pain

Level	Resilience resources	Resilience mechanisms
Individual	Optimisma Trait positive affect Trait mindfulness Self-concept Self-esteem	Pain acceptancea Committed action Pain-related self-efficacya Sense of controllabilitya Problem-solving/active copinga
Family/social environment	Adaptive family functioning Social support Supportive school environment Teacher supporta	Parent modeling of active coping Parent promotion of behavioral activation Positive family/social interactions Parent acceptance of paina Parent psychological flexibilitya
Culture	Religiosity/spirituality Community support Neighborhood safety/climate Socioeconomic status	Cultural values Ethnic/racial identity

^aPreviously investigated in pediatric chronic pain samples.