FIG. 6.

Early life undernutrition alters core circadian clock genes in offspring ovaries. A, B, C, E) Early life undernutrition resulted in a significant increase in ovarian mRNA expression of core clock genes in the ovary in a manner that is dependent upon the timing of nutrient restriction: CLOCK (A), BMAL 1 (B), CRY1 (C), PER1 (E). Data are presented as means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA main effects: maternal diet P < 0.05 for all genes except for PER2 (F) and CRY2 (D) levels in undernourished compared to Cont offspring. Post hoc analyses (Bonferroni): *P < 0.05 compared to Cont offspring (n = 6–7 per group). Cont, offspring of mothers fed a control diet; UNP, offspring of mothers undernourished during pregnancy alone; UNPL, offspring of mothers undernourished during pregnancy and lactation; UNL, offspring of mothers undernourished during lactation alone.