Limit dilution analysis of data in Extended data figure 3 to infer the minimum frequency of tumor-forming melanoma cells after subcutaneous, intravenous, or intrasplenic transplantation into NSG mice. Each mean value reflects 5 (subcutaneous), 10 (intravenous), or 4 (intrasplenic) independent experiments using melanomas obtained from 8 different patients (see details in Extended data figure 3). Statistical significance was assessed by a chi-square test using the ELDA software46