Table 2.
Results by type of demand-side intervention
| Community mobilization | |||||||
| Maternal mortality ratio | Stillbirth rate | Perinatal mortality rate | Neonatal mortality rate | Antenatal care | Facility-based delivery | Skilled birth attendance | |
| Fottrell | NS | NS | NS | ARR: 0.62 (0.43, 0.89) | NS | NS | NS |
| Hounton | NS | -- | OR: 0.75 (0.70, 0.80) | -- | -- | 30 % increase | -- |
| Lewycka | AOR: 0 · 51 (0 · 26–0 · 99) | -- | NS | NS | Any ANC at health facility AOR: 1.50 (1.03 to 2.19) | NS | NS |
| Manandhar | AOR: 0.22 (0.05–0.90) | NS | -- | AOR: 0.70 (0.53–0.94) | Any ANC AOR: 2 · 82 (1.41–5.62) | AOR: 3 · 55 (1 · 56–8 · 05) | Doctor, nurse, or midwife AOR: 3 · 53 (1 · 54–8 · 10) |
| More | -- | NS | NS | AOR: 1.48 (1.06, 2.08) | NS | NS | -- |
| Mushi | -- | -- | -- | -- | Early ANC booking increase from 18.7 to 56.9 %, p < 0.001 | -- | Increase in SBA from 34.1 to 51.4 %, p < 0.05 |
| Persson | -- | -- | -- | NS | AOR: 2.27 (1.07–4.80) | NS | -- |
| Tripathy | NS | NS | AOR: 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | AOR: 0 · 68 (0 · 59–0 · 78) | NS | NS | NS |
| Financial incentives | |||||||
| Maternal mortality ratio | Stillbirth rate | Perinatal mortality rate | Neonatal mortality rate | Antenatal care | Facility-based delivery | Skilled birth attendance | |
| Bellows | -- | -- | -- | -- | Any ANC visit: OR: 16.5 (4.0–68.1) | OR: 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | OR: 1.2 (1.1-1.4) |
| 4 + ANC visits: OR: 1.9 (1.6–2.4) | |||||||
| De Allegri | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Increase from 49 to 84 % (p < 0.001) | -- |
| Gupta | Increased (1985 to 2444 per 100,000 live births) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 42.6 % increase in FBD | -- |
| Ir | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Increase in FBD from 16.3 to 44.9 % of the expected number of births (2.4 to 7 % for voucher recipients, 58.1 to 69.8 % for Health Equity Fund recipients) | -- |
| Lim | NS | -- | −3.7 (−5.2, −2.2) | −2.3 (−3.7, −0.9) | 3 ANC visits: 10.7 % (9.1 to 12.3) | 43.5 % (42.5 to 44.6) increase in FBD | 36.6 % (35.6 to 37.7) increase in SBA |
| Nguyen | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cross sectional difference | 37.5 % in intervention vs. 18.7 % in comparison areas, p < 0.001 | 63.7 % in intervention vs. 27.1 % in comparison areas, p < 0.001 |
| Any ANC check-up: 91.6 % vs. 75.6 %, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| ≥ 3 ANC check-ups 0.241 | |||||||
| 54.8 % vs. 33.6 %, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| ≥1 ANC visit with qualified provider 79.2 % vs. 54.9 %, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| Randive | NS | -- | -- | -- | -- | Increase from 20 to 49 %, p < 0.05 | -- |
| Both | |||||||
| Maternal mortality ratio | Stillbirth rate | Perinatal mortality rate | Neonatal mortality rate | Antenatal care | Facility-based delivery | Skilled birth attendance | |
| Barber | -- | -- | -- | -- | 12.2 % increase in number of recommended ANC procedures received | -- | -- |
NS not significant (p-value > 0.05), ARR adjusted risk ratio, OR odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio, MMR maternal mortality ratio, PMR perinatal mortality rate, NMR neonatal mortality rate, IMR infant mortality, ANC antenatal care, FBD facility-based delivery, SBA skilled birth attendance