Table 1.
Summary of literature pertaining to the effect of HPV on fertility.
| Reference | Study type | Summary of findings |
|---|---|---|
| Effect on sperm parameters | ||
| [47] | Systematic review | No effect on volume, viscosity, count, and morphology |
| [50] | Original research | Enhanced motility; decreased velocity and amplitude of HPV-exposed sperm |
| [51] | Original research | Enhanced motility, progression, and velocity in HPV-exposed sperm |
| [52, 53] | Original research | Decreased sperm motility in HPV-infected men |
| [54] | Systematic review | HPV-related impairment in sperm motility in men with idiopathic infertility |
| [55] | Original research | Increase in DNA fragmentation |
| [56] | Original research | Semen pH is borderline lower in HPV-positive men |
|
| ||
| Effect on early embryogenesis | ||
| [62–64] | Original research | Increased DNA fragmentation and trophoblastic death in blastocysts |
|
| ||
| Effect on early pregnancy | ||
| [66–68] | Original research | HPV reduces the endometrial implantation of trophoblastic cells |
| [69, 70] | Original research | HPV DNA is more frequently detected in spontaneous miscarriages compared to voluntary abortions |
| [71, 72] | Original research | HPV infection in pregnancy may not confer a higher risk of miscarriage |