Table 2.

Summary of literature regarding the effect of HPV on assisted reproductive outcomes.

Reference	Study type	Summary of findings
Intrauterine insemination
[46, 47]	Original research Systematic review	HPV DNA may be associated with idiopathic asthenozoospermia
[73]	Original research	Women with HPV were six times less likely to become pregnant compared to women without the infection
In vitro fertilization
[5]	Original research	Women with HPV infection had a lower pregnancy rate compared to women without the infection
[77]	Original research	Higher odds of spontaneous miscarriage among women with HPV infection, as well as in women whose male partners were HPV positive
[78]	Original research	No statistical difference in live birth rate when comparing HPV positive women compared to negative controls
[38, 79, 80]	Original research	No effect of HPV on clinical pregnancy and spontaneous miscarriage rates