Table 2.

Molecular biomarkers associated with the onset and/or progression of hip osteoarthritis and their relation to FAI.

Biomarker	Relation to hip OA	Relation to FAI
Cartilage oligomeric protein (COMP) (52, 74)	Higher levels may be associated with hip OA progression	Elevated in male athletes with FAI (1 study)
25-OH vitamin D (75)	Lower levels may be associated with worsening Hip OA
N-terminal telopeptide (NTX) (76)	Higher levels may be associated with hip OA progression
Urine type II collagen C telopeptide (CTX-II) (77)	Higher levels associated with hip OA progression
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP) (78)	Higher levels may be associated with hip OA progression
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) (79)	Higher levels may be associated with hip OA progression
C-reactive protein (CRP) (52)		Higher in FAI patients compared to non-FAI patients (1 study)
Synovial fibronectin-aggrecan complex(sf-FAC) (80)		Higher in patients undergoing surgery for hip replacement compared to hip arthroscopy (1 study)