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. 2015 Nov 16;6:568. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00568

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Copyright © 2015 Keselman and Heller.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of estrogen in vitro on macrophages. The effects of estrogen on macrophages from various tissues are illustrated above. The findings of several studies are summarized and referenced in the figure. The effects of estrogen on proinflammatory mediators are highly dependent on the tissue of origin. There is a general lack of data focusing on the impact of estrogen signaling on alveolar macrophages, indicated by the question marks.