. 2015 Jul;44(7):939–952.

Table 3:

Comparison of the occurrence of fracture risk factors in mothers and daughters by BMD terciles in the sub-sample

Variables	Mothers	Daughters	Mothers and daughters T1BMD		Mothers and daughters T2BMD		Mothers and daughters T3BMD
Variables	Mothers	Daughters	mT1BMD	dT1BMD	mT2BMD	dT2BMD	mT3BMD	dT3BMD
Sample size	170	170	57	57	57	56	56	57
Age (years)	45.5±5.8	18.1±2.9	47.1±6.8^A,B	16.5±3.3^a,b	44.3±5.0^A	19.2±2.0^a	45.3±5.3^B	18.7±2.4^b
BMD (mg/cm²)^***	379±59	337±56	322±29^α	276±34^α	374±15^β	340±13^β	443±45^γ	396±28^γ
Dietary calcium intake ^§(mg/day)	507±363	577±395	536±363	613±417	461±279	552±407	522±433	567±364
Physical activity ^§ (MET-minutes/week)^***	1996±1359	1309±1026	2256±1469^δ,C	1188±996^δ	1571±1317^C,D	1227±1079	2165±1193^ɛ,D	1508±990^ɛ
Dietary risk factors (% of the sample)
Consumption of calcium-enriched juices	72	76	70	79	75	75	71	75
Daily consumption of dairy products during pre-school periods^**	64	54	60	54	86	48	75	58
Consumption of ready-made calcium enriched cereal products^*	63	74	61	79	70	73	57	68
Daily consumption of dairy products during school periods^***	61	31	61	37	47	25	73	30
Respondents who did not meet^# calcium intake recommendations	11	3	12	7	9	0	11	2
Respondents who met^# calcium intake recommendations	2	0	0	0	0	0	5	0
Correlation coefficient for dietary risk factor ranking	0.87^*		0.94^*		0.82^*		0.54
Non-dietary risk factors (% of the sample)
Bone pains^***	75	56	74	53	75	64	77	51
Current smoking^***	25	7	18	7	32	5	25	9
Past fractures	24	25	25	26	32	23	16	25
Calcium supplementation	22	16	25	14	21	16	21	18
Other chronic diseases ^†^***	22	10	25	12	14	7	27	11
Menstruation disorders^**	18	9	28	23	7	4	20	2
Osteoporosis in the family	16	16	16	20	11	16	21	17
Low physical activity ^¥^**	15	29	7	26	26	38	11	23
Thyroid diseases^**	10	3	11	2	5	4	14	4
Hormonal contraceptive use	7	9	9	4	9	7	2	16
Glucocorticosteroid use^*	6	2	5	2	9	2	4	2
Rheumatoid arthritis^**	5	0	5	0	5	0	4	0
Avoiding sun exposure^***	5	0	7	0	5	0	4	0
Poor health condition^**	4	0	5	0	2	0	4	0
Consumption of significant amounts of alcohol	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
Correlation coefficient for non-dietary risk factor ranking	0.83^*		0.86^*		0.93^*		0.65^*

^§

mean ± standard deviation;

used cut-off points produced conclusions with a probability of 0.85 and, because of this, the number respondents who met or did not meet calcium intake recommendations do not sum up to 100%;

^†

other chronic diseases than thyroid diseases and rheumatoid arthritis, e.g. lung diseases, cardiac diseases, vascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, stroke;

^¥

low physical activity: <600 MET-minutes/week; mT1BMD – bottom tercile BMD by mothers, mT2BMD – middle tercile BMD by mothers, mT3BMD – upper tercile BMD by mothers; dT1BMD – bottom tercile BMD by daughters, dT2BMD – middle tercile BMD by daughters, dT3BMD – upper tercile BMD by daughters; significance of differences between mothers and daughters in whole sub-sample at:

P <0.05;

^**

P<0.01;

^***

P<0.001; significance of differences at P<0.05:

^{A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D}

between mothers’ BMD terciles

^{a-a, b-b}

between daughters’ BMD terciles,

^{α-α, β-β, γ-γ, δ-δ, ɛ-ɛ}

between mothers and daughters’ BMD terciles;