Table 1.
Parameters related to arterial stiffness and renal function decline in prospective studies
| First author [ref.] | r Parameter related to arterial stiffness | Parameters of renal function and outcomes | CKD stage | Study subjects and clinical characteristics | Follow-up, years | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive result Tomiyama [35] | baPWV | eGFRcr and proteinuria (dipstick analysis) CKD <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, rapid eGFRcr decline (2.9 ml/min/1.73 m2/year), incidence of proteinuria | eGFRcr >60 ml/ min/1.73 m2 | n = 2,053; mean age = 38 years; 20% women; all Japanese | 5.6 | baPWV was associated with the incidence of CKD and rapid eGFRcr decline, but not with the incidence of proteinuria |
| Peralta [43] | brPP and arterial elasticity measured by pulse contour analysis | eGFRcr and eGFRcys Changes during the follow-up period | eGFRcr >60 ml/ min/1.73 m2 | MESA study cohort; n = 4,853; 49% women; 27% black; 12% Chinese | 5 | brPP and parameters of arterial elasticity were associated with eGFR changes during the follow-up period |
| Madero [46] | cfPWV and brPP | eGFRcys CKD <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, change of eGFRcys during the follow-up period, rapid eGFRcys decline (3 ml/ min/1.7 3 m2/year) | eGFRcys >60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study cohort; n = 2,129; mean age = 74 years; 53% female; 38% black | 3 (n = 2,068) and 10 (n = 1,221) Mean = 8.9 | cfPWV was associated with the incidence of CKD, and brPP was associated with the CKD incidence of CKD and rapid eGFRcys decline |
| Kim [47] | baPWV, cfPWV, and brPP | eGFRcr Rapid eGFRcr decline (3 ml/min/1.73 m2/year) | eGFRcr >30 ml/ min/1.73 m2 (100/913 subjects had eGFRcr30-59) | n = 913; mean age = 63 years; 45% women | 3.2 | brPP, but not cfPWV and baPWV, was associated with rapid renal function decline |
| Chen [48] | baPWV | eGFRcr eGFR slope calculated from more than 3 measurements of eGFRcr | CKD stages 3 −5 | n = 145; mean age = 69 years; 32% women; all Chinese | 1.1 | baPWV was associated with the eGFR slope |
| Ford [49] | cfPWV and brPP | eGFRcr Gradient of reciprocal creatinine plots and renal end point (dialysis/25% decline of eGFRcr) | CKD stages 3 and 4 | n = 133; mean age = 69 years; 22% women | 1.5 | cfPWV was associated with renal function decline and the renal end point |
| Briet [50] | cfPWV and AI/ cPP obtained from carotid artery. | GFR determined by 51Cr-EDTA GFR slope and end-stage renal disease (dialysis or kidney transplantation) | CKD (mean GFR 32 ml/ min/1.73 m2) | n = 180; mean age = 60 years; 26% women | 3.1 | Carotid PP, but not cfPWV, was associated with the incidence of end-stage renal disease |
| Munakata [51] | baPWV | Microalbuminuria = urinary albumin/creatinine excretion ratio >30 | Mean serum creatinine 0.7 mg/dl | n = 321; mean age = 62 years; 61% women | 2 | baPWV was associated with the incidence of microalbuminuria |
| Negative re | ||||||
| Tomiyama [52] | baPWV, rAI, brPP and PP2 | eGFRcr and eGFRcys Changes during the follow-up period | eGFRcr >60 ml/ min/1.73 m2 | n = 1,229; mean age = 43 years; all Japanese men without hypertension | 3 | None of the parameters of arterial stiffness/central hemodynamics was associated with the changes in renal function |
| Upadhyay [53] | cfPWV and AI/ cPP obtained from carotid artery | eGFRcr, eGFRcys, and urinary albumin/creatinine excretion ratio CKD <60 ml/min/1.73m2, microalbuminuria = urinary albumin/creatinine excretion ratio >17 in men and 25 in women | eGFR >60 ml/ min/1.73 m2 | Framingham study cohort; n = 2,501 for CKD; n = 5,339 for microalbuminuria; Subjects without CKD: mean age = 60 years; 55% women Subjects without microalbuminuria: mean age = 46 years; 54% women | 7 – 10 | None of the parameters of arterial stiffness/central hemodynamics was associated with the incidence of CKD and/or microabluminuria |
brPP = Brachial pulse pressure; eGFRcr = estimated glomerular filtration rate from the serum creatinine; eGFRcys = estimated glomerular filtration rate pressure obtained from the second peak of the radial pressure waveform; AI = augmentation index; cPP = central pulse pressure.