Fig. 4. Propelled thrombin is delivered deep into wounds and halts hemorrhage in vivo.

(A) Bleeding times in vivo after the tails of mice were amputated. (B) Schematic showing a mouse liver punctured and treated with propelled thrombin. (C) Volume of blood loss in a separate cohort of mice after their livers were punctured and treated. (D and E) Histological sections of livers treated with propelled thrombin (D) or nonpropelled thrombin (E). Fluorescence staining shows actin (red), nuclei (blue), and CaCO₃ particles (green). Scale bar, 200 μm. (F) Mass of CaCO₃ delivered to sites of liver puncture. (G) Schematic showing a pig’s punctured femoral artery being treated with gauze impregnated with propelled thrombin. (H) Survival of pigs after treatment. n = 5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Error bars indicate SEM.